The tending of vines is peculiar to the country. The tenth bundle of flax, the tenth vessel of honey, and the fowls and eggs are also familiar items of the _census_ or _gafol_, both in the charters of St. Gall and in the services of Saxon manors. «'Sordida munera.'» Then there are the pack-horse services (_parafreti_) and the carrying services ('_angariæ cum carra_'), the keeping up of buildings, supply of the limekiln, and the carriage of lime to the villa--all which once public services ('_sordida munera_'), due to the Roman Emperor on whose tithe lands the coloni were settled, were now the manorial services of 'coloni' of the Church. They were called in the Codex Theodosianus '_obsequia_,' and are almost identical with the Saxon '_precariæ_' or boon-works. Lastly, it has been observed that the coloni or _accolæ_ did not give '_week-work_.' This was, as has been seen, the distinctive mark of serfdom here in Rhætia, as for centuries afterwards throughout the manors of mediæval Europe. In other words, in the seventh century there are two classes of tenants on ecclesiastical manors--(1) the _coloni_ or _accolæ_, to use the Saxon terms of King Ine's laws, _set to gafol_; and (2) the _servi_, _set to gafol and to week-work_. Throw the two classes together, or let the remaining Roman coloni sink, as the result of conquest or otherwise, down into the condition up to which the slaves have risen in becoming serfs, and the serfdom of the mediæval manorial estate is the natural result. At the same time an explanation is given of the [p328] persistently double character of the later services, which apparently was a survival of their double origin in the union of the public tribute and _sordida munera_ of the Roman _colonus_ with the servile work of the Roman slave. «Transition from slavery to serfdom.» On the estates of the Church in the early years of the seventh century the humanising power of Christian feeling had silently raised the status of the slave. It had dignified labour, and given to him a property in his labour, securing to him not only one day in seven for rest to his weary and heavy-laden limbs, but also _three days in the week_ wherein his labour was _his own_. From slavery he had risen into serfdom. And this serfdom of the _quondam_ slave had become, in the eyes of the still more weary and heavy-laden free labourers on their own land, so light a burden compared with their own--such was the lawless oppression of the age--that they went to the Church and took upon them willingly the yoke of her serfdom, in order that they might find rest under her temporal as well as spiritual protection. Such an impulse did this rush for safety into serfdom on ecclesiastical or monastic estates receive from the unsettlement and lawlessness of the period of the Teutonic invasions, that by the time of Charles the Great a large proportion of the land in these once Roman provinces had become included in the manorial estates of the monasteries.