[432] _Cod. Theod._ lib. xi. tit. xvi. _De Extraordinariis sive Sordidis Muneribus_. See also Godefroy's notes. [433] Lib. xi. t. xvi. 4. 'Ea forma servata, ut primo a potioribus, deinde a mediocribus atque infimis, quæ sunt danda, præstentur.' 'Manu autem sua rectores scribere debebunt, quid opus sit, et in qua necessitate, per singula capita, vel quantæ angariæ vel quantæ operæ, vel quæ aut in quanto modo præbendæ sint, ut recognovisse se scribant; exactionis, prædicto ordine inter ditiores, mediocres, atque infimos observando.' [434] _Germania_, xli. [435] _Cod. Theod._ xi. 16, and 18. [436] From _angarius_ = ἄγγαρος, a messenger or courier. The word is probably of Persian origin. 'Nothing mortal travels so fast as these Persian messengers. The entire plan is a Persian invention. . . . The Persians give the riding post the name of "_angarum_."'--_Herodotus_, bk. viii. 98. See also the _Cyropædia_, bk. viii. c. 17, where the origin of the post-horse system is ascribed to Cyrus. [437] From the Latin _veredus_, a post-horse. [438] _Cod. Theod._ lib. viii. t. v. [439] The '_veredus_' or post-horse, from which the _paraveredus_ or extra post-horse, sometimes _parhippus_ (all these words occur in the _Codex Justin._ xii. l. [li.], 2 and 4, _De Cursu Publico_), may have been equivalent to the later 'averius' or 'affrus' by which the _averagium_ was performed. Cf. '_Parhippus_ vel Avertarius' (_Cod. Theod._ VIII. v. xxii.) and see Id. xlvii., '_avertarius_' = a horse carrying 'averta' or saddlebags. Hence, perhaps, the base Latin _avera, averiæ, averii, affri_, beasts of burden, oxen, or farm horses, and the verb '_averiare_' (Saxon of 10th century '_averian_'), and lastly the noun 'averagium' for the service. See also the Gallic _Ep-o-rediæ_ (men of the horse-course) mentioned by Pliny iii. 21 (Dr. Guest's _Origines Celticæ_, i. 381), and compare this word with _paraveredi_. In modern Welsh 'Rhed' = a running, a course. [440] Compare the careful paragraphs on these words in M. Guerard's Introduction to the _Polyptique de l'Abbé Irminon_, pp. 793 _et seq._ The sense of the word as implying a compulsory service is shown in the Vulgate of Matt. v. 4: 'Et quicunque te _angariaverit_ mille passus: vade cum illo et alia duo.' The same word is used in Matt. xxvii. 32, and Mark xv., where Simon is _compelled_ to bear the cross. [441] _Supra_, p. 154. [442] There were probably _servi_ on the 'ager publicus' as there were on the Frankish public lands, called '_servi fisci_.' See _Decretio Chlotharii regis_, A.D. 511, 55S. _Mon. Germ. Hist. Legum Sectio_, ii. p. 6 [443] Compare Dr. J. N. Madvig's _Die Verfassung und Verwaltung des Römischen Staates_ (Leipzig, 1882), ii. p. 408. [444] Madvig, ii. p. 573; and _Cod. Just._ xii. 8–14, and _Cod. Theod._ xii. i. 38. See also the _Notitia Dignitatum_, passim.