«Wide prevalence of the hub of thirty morgen in Middle and South Germany.» The _hub_ of thirty _morgen_ seems to have been the typical holding of the serf over a very wide area, according to the earliest records. Whilst as a rule absent from North Germany, Dr. Landau traces it in Lower Saxony, in Engern, in Thuringia, in Grapfeld, in Hesse, on the Middle Rhine and the Moselle, in the old Niederlahngau, Rheingau, Wormsgau, Lobdengau and Spiergau, in Elsass, in Swabia, and in Bavaria.[607] The double _huf_ of sixty _morgen_ also occurs on the Weser and the Rhine in Lower Saxony and in Bavaria.[608] The word 'huf' first occurs in a document of A.D. 474.[609] The passage in the Bavarian laws of the seventh century, already referred to, declaring the tithe to be 'three modii from every thirty' modii--or one 'lawful andecena' from each ten that, in the typical case taken, 'a man has'--would seem to suggest that ten _andecenæ_ or acre strips in each field (or thirty in all) was a typical holding, whilst the use of the Roman rod of ten feet points to a Roman influence. «The double 'hub' of sixty morgen. The outfit of oxen.» Further, the fact of the prevalence of the double and single _huf_ or _hub_ of sixty and thirty acres over so large an area once Roman province, irresistibly suggests a connexion with the double and single yoke [p392] of oxen given as outfit to the Roman veteran, with such an allowance of seed as to make it probable, as we have seen, that the double yoke received normally fifty or sixty jugera, and the single yoke twenty-five or thirty jugera. It is worth remembering, further, that in the Bavarian law before quoted, limiting the week-work of the _servi_ on the ecclesiastical estates to three days a week, an exception is made allowing unlimited week-work to be demanded from _servi_ who had been supplied with their outfit of oxen _de novo_ by their lord. So that there is a chain of evidence as to the system of supplying the holders of 'yard-lands,' 'huben,' and 'yokes,' with an outfit of oxen, of which the Kelso '_stuht_,' the Saxon '_setene_,' the outfit of the _servus_ under this Bavarian law, and that of the Roman veteran, are links.[610] It is hardly needful to repeat that it does not follow from this that the system of allotting about thirty acres (varying in size with the locality) to the pair of oxen was a Roman invention. The clear fact is that it was a system followed in Roman provinces under the later empire, as well as in Germany and England afterwards; and, as the holding of thirty acres was found to be the allotment to each 'tate' or household under the Irish tribal system, it may possibly have had an earlier origin and a wider prevalence than the period or extent of Roman rule. «Scattering of the strips composing them.»