The word 'gebur' or 'gipur' occurs also in the High German of Otfried's 'Paraphrase of the Gospels,'[612] of the ninth century, and in the Alamannic dialect of Notger's Psalms for _vicinus_.[613] Here, again, the South German connexion seems to be the nearest to the Anglo-Saxon. [p395] VI. THE HIDE, THE HOF, AND THE CENTURIA. «The 'hide,' 'familla,' 'casatum,' and 'hiwisc.'» From the yard-land, or _hub_, the holding of a serf, we may pass to the typical holding of the full free landholder, connected in England with the full team of eight oxen. The Saxon _hide_, or the _familia_ of Bede, was Latinised in Saxon charters into '_casatum_.' We have found in the St. Gall charters the word '_casa_' used for the homestead. The present Romanish word for house is '_casa_,' and for the verb 'to dwell,' '_casar_.' And there is the Italian word '_casata_,' still meaning a family. Thus the connexion between the '_familia_' of Bede and the '_casatum_' of the charters is natural. Bede wrote more classical Latin than the ecclesiastical scribes in the charters. The hide was the holding of a family.[614] Hence it was sometimes, like the yard-land or holding of a servile family, called a '_hiwisc_,' which was Anglo-Saxon, and also High German for family.[615] But the Saxon hide, also, was translated into _ploughland_ or _carucate_, corresponding with the full team of eight oxen. «The 'carucate,' 'sulung,' or plough-land.» Generally in Kent, and sometimes in Sussex, Berks, and Essex, we found in addition to or instead of the hide or carucate, or 'terra unius aratri,' _solins_, _sullungs_, or _swullungs_--the land pertaining to a '_suhl_,' the Anglo-Saxon word for plough. This word is [p396] surely of Roman rather than of German origin. The Piedmontese '_sloira_,' and the Lombardic '_sciloira_,' and the Old French '_silleoire_,' are surely allied to the Romanish '_suilg_,' and the Latin '_sulcus_.' «The 'gioc,' or 'jugum.'» Again, in Kent the quarter of a 'sulung' (answering to the yard-land or virgate of other parts) is called in the early charters a 'gioc,' 'ioclet,' or 'iochlet,'[616] _i.e._ a yoke or small-yoke of land. We have seen in the St. Gall charters, also, mention of 'juchs' or 'jochs,' which, however, were apparently jugera. This word _gioc_ is surely allied to the Italian '_giogo_,' and the Latin _jugum_. «The 'hide' and 'centuria' the typical free holding.»