We have seen how these services resembled the _angariæ_ and the _parangariæ_ and _paraveredi_, which were included among the '_sordida munera_' or '_obsequiæ_' of the Theodosian Code in force in Rhætia in the fourth century, found still surviving, though transformed into manorial services, in the same districts in the seventh century and afterwards, under the Bavarian laws and in the monastic charters. The carrying services and other boon-work on Saxon manors closely resembled those of the Frankish charters and the Bavarian laws, and probably therefore shared their Roman origin. «The week-work of the serf.» There remains to complete the serfdom its most servile incident, the _week-work_--that survival of the originally unrestricted claim of the lord of the Roman villa to his slave's labour which, limited, as we have seen, according to the evidence of the Alamannic laws, under the influence of Christian humanity by the monks or clergy, in respect of the servi on their estates, to three days a week, became the mediæval _triduanum servitium_. The words of the Alamannic law are worth re-quoting. '_Servi dimidiam partem sibi et dimidiam in dominico arativum reddant. Et si super hæc est_, SICUT SERVI ECCLESIASTICI _ita faciunt, tres dies sibi et tres in dominico._' Let _servi_ do plough service, half for themselves and half in demesne. And if there be any further [service] let them work _as the servi of the Church_, three days for themselves, and three in demesne. [p405] This remarkable passage in the Alamannic code of A.D. 622 seems to be the earliest version extant of the Magna Charta of the agricultural servus, who thus early upon ecclesiastical estates was transformed from a slave into a serf. IX. THE CREATION OF SERFS AND THE GROWTH OF SERFDOM. «Serfdom recruited from above and from below.» There is yet another point in which the correspondence between British and Continental usages is worth remarking. The community in serfdom on a lord's estate was both by Saxon and Continental usage recruited from above and from below. «Free-men become serfs.» Free men from above, by voluntary arrangement with a lord, could and did descend into serfdom. The Saxon free tenant could, by free contract, arrange to take a yard-land, and if he were already provided with a homestead and oxen, he became a 'gafol-gelder,' or _tributarius_ of his lord, without incurring the liability to the more servile 'week-work,' just as was the case when, under the Alamannic laws, free men made surrender of their holdings to the Abbey of St. Gall. In both cases, as we saw, week-work was added if the lord found the homestead and the outfit. «Slaves become serfs.»