Nor is there anything inconsistent with this suggestion in the irregular lines of the English open fields and their divisions, so different from those produced by the rectangular centuriation of Roman 'Agrimensores.' We must not forget that the open field system in its simpler forms was almost certainly pre-Roman in Britain as elsewhere; so that what the Romans added to transform it into the manorial three-field system probably was rather the three-course rotation of crops, the strengthening of the manorial element on British estates, and the methods of taxation by 'jugation,' than any radical alteration in the land-divisions or in the system of co-operative ploughing.[629] FOOTNOTES: [554] '_Die Territorien in Bezug auf ihre Bildung und ihre Entwicklung_,' Hamburg and Gotha, 1854. [555] Dr. Hanssen's various papers on the subject are collected in his _Agrarhistorische Abhandlungen_, Leipzig, 1880. [556] Jena, 1879. [557] '_Georg Hanssen_, als _Agrar-Historiker_.' Von August Meitzen, 1881. Tübingen. [558] See Hanssen's chapter, '_Die Feldgraswirthschaft deutscher Gebirgsgegenden_,' in his _Agrarhist. Abhandl._, pp. 132 _et seq._ [559] Landau, pp. 16–20. [560] See the interesting examples given in Meitzen's _Ausbreitung_, with maps. [561] See Hanssen's chapter on the '_Einfeldwirthschaft_,' _Agrarhist. Abhandl._ pp. 190 _et seq._ [562] Hanssen, p. 496. [563] As to this part of the question, see especially Meitzen's _Ausbreitung_. [564] Landau, '_Die Territorien_,' pp. 32 _et seq._ [565] Sometimes in Germany, as in England, there were _two_ or more. See Hanssen's chapters on the '_Zwei-, Vier-und Fünffelderwirthschaft_.' [566] Tusser, 'February Abstract.' [567] _Id._ 'February Husbandry.' [568] _Id._ 'October Abstract.' [569] _Id._ 'October Husbandry.' [570] Halliwell, _sub voce_. [571] '_Campis Sationalibus_' Charter, A.D. 704. B. M. Ancient Charter, Cotton MS. Augustus, ii. 82. '_Tuican hom_' (Twickenham, in Middlesex). [572] Landau, 53. [573] Guerard's _Polyp. d'Irminon_. '_Arat inter tres sationes perticatres_,' pp. 134, &c.; and see Glossary, p. 456. [574] Landau, p. 54. [575] Landau, p. 54. 'Die alte Form dieses Wortes ist _ezzisc_, _ezzisca_, _ezzisch_ (gothisch _atisk_), und wird in den Glossen durch _segetes_ erklärt.' [576] Hanssen's chapter, _'Zur Geschichte der Feldsysteme in Deutschland_,' in his _Agrarhistorische Abhandlungen_, p. 194. [577] 'Si illum sepem eruperit vel dissipaverit quem _Ezzisczun_ vocant,' &c. _Textus Legis Primus_, x. 16. Pertz, p. 309. In _id._ x. 21 the words '_Semitæ convicinales_' are used of open fields. In the _Burgundian Laws_ 'Additamentum Primum,' tit. 1, 'Agri communes.' [578] Landau, pp. 54–5. [579] _Passau_ received its name from a Roman legion of _Batavi_ having been stationed there.--_Mon. Boica_, xxx. p. 83. Landau, p. 49. [580] In East Friesland, under the one-field system, the word '_flaggen_' is used for 'furlongs.' Hanssen, p. 198. [581] Landau, p. 32.