[614] Compare _Cod. Theod._ IX. tit. xlii. 7: 'Quot mancipia in prædiis occupatis . . . quot sint _casarii vel coloni_,' &c. [615] See _Ancient Laws of England_, Thorpe, p. 79, under _wer-gilds_, s. vii., where 'hiwisc' = 'hide.' See also '_hiwiski_,' '_hiwischi_,' for '_familia_,' in '_St. Paules Glossen_,' sixth or seventh century. Braune's _Althochdeutsches Lesebuch_, p. 4. [616] _B. M. Ancient Charters_, ii. Cotton MS. Aug. ii. 42, A.D. 837. The Welsh _short yoke_ was that of two oxen, _i.e._ a fourth part of the full plough team. [617] Columella, ii. 12. The calculation in this passage, how many _opera_ or day-works a farm requires shows striking resemblance to the later manorial system. [618] Du Cange, 'Jugatum.' [619] See Marquardt, ii. 225 _n._ [620] Meitzen, _Ausbreitung_, pp. 21 and 33. [621] _Fœd._ vol. i. p. 31. Robertson's _Historical Essays_, p. 133. [622] Diez, p. 150. '_Gabella_,' Portuguese, Spanish, and Provençal = tax. French _gabelle_ = salt-tax. Italian '_gabellan_,' to tax, from v. b. _gifan_, Goth. _giban_. [623] See Guérard's _Polyptique d'Irminon_, i. chap. viii. Also Lehuérou's _Institut. Meroving._ liv. ii. c. 1; and M. Vuitry's _Etudes sur le Régime Financier de la France_, Première Etude. [624] So Cicero asserted against Verres. The seed, he argued, was fairly to be taken at about a _medimnus_ to each jugerum. Eight medimni of corn per acre would be a good crop; ten would be the outside that under all possible favour of the gods the jugerum could yield. Therefore the tithe ought not to exceed at the highest estimate one medimnus per jugerum. But the tax-gather had taken _three_ medimni per jugerum, and so by extortion had _trebled the tithes_.--_In Verrem_, act. ii. lib. iii. c. 47, 48, 49. [625] _Hygini de Limitibus Constituendis_, p. 204. [626] Tit. lxii. [627] _Lex Salica_, tit. xxxviii. 'De homicidiis _servorum_ et ancillarum. v. Si quis homo ingenuus _lidum alienum_ expoliaverit,' &c. See also tit. xvi. See also tit. xxvi. 'De libertis extra consilium Domini sui dimissis' (xxxv. 'De libertis dimissis ingenuis'). 'Si quis _alienum lætum_ ante rege per dinarium _ingenuum demiserit_,' &c. [628] 'Soll die Dreifelderwirthschaft nach England importirt sein, so bliebe wohl nur übrig an die Periode der römischen Okkupation zu denken, wie ich eine ähnliche Vermuthung, die sich freilich auch nicht weiter begründen lässt, für Deutschland ausgesprochen habe (p. 153). Einfacher ist es den selbstständigen Ursprung der Dreifelderwirthschaft in ganz verschiedenenen Ländern als einen auf einer gewissen wirthschaftlichen Kulturstufe wie von selber eintretenden Fortschritt sich zu denken' (_Agrarhist. Abhand._ p. 497).