To hoe as [one day's] work after June 24. All to mow as [one day's] work, and each to receive on mowing day as much grass as he can lift with his scythe, and if his scythe break he shall lose his grass and be amerced. All to receive 6d. for drink. In this manor 8 gallons of beer are given as toll, besides the toll of the mills. Each half-virgate, if _ad operationem_, from Michaelmas till August 1, to work 2 days a week. To plough and sow with its own corn half an acre, and to harrow the same. To plough and harrow one day in winter, and the prior to provide the seed; and, if necessary, each virgate to harrow as [a day's work] till ploughing time. To plough one day in spring. And to plough for fallowing for 1 day (warrectare) as above. _Services of a Cottarius._[68] In the manor of Neweham are 10 cottiers (omitting William the miller and Adam de Neweham), each holding 1 messuage with appurtenances, and 6 acres. [If _ad operationem_] each to work 2 days a week (excepting Easter, Pentecost, and Christmas weeks). To drive, take messages, and bear loads. To give '_thac_,' '_thol_,' aid, and such like. But they give neither oats nor '_fisfe_.' If '_ad firmam_,' to render at each quarter-day (_terminum_) 6d. IX. CARTULARIES OF NEWMINSTER AND KELSO (XIII. CENTURY)--THE CONNEXION OF THE HOLDINGS WITH THE COMMON PLOUGH TEAM OF EIGHT OXEN. Passing to the north of England, substantially the same system is found, along with customs and details which still further connect the gradations of the holdings in villenage with the plough team and the yokes of oxen of which it was composed. «Bovates or oxgangs.» North of the Tees, in the district of the old Northumbria, virgates and half-virgates were still the [p061] usual holdings, but they were called 'husband-lands.' The full husband-land, or virgate, was composed of two _bovates_, or _oxgangs_, the bovate or oxgang being thus the eighth of the hide or carucate. In the cartulary of Newminster,[69] under date 1250, amongst charters giving evidence of the division of the fields into 'seliones,' or strips,[70] the holdings of which were scattered over the fields,[71] as everywhere else, is a grant of land to the abbey containing 8 bovates in all, made up of 4 equal holdings of _two bovates_ each. «Husband lands of two bovates.» «_Stuht_, or outfit of two oxen.»