In the '_Rotulus Redituum_' of the Abbey of Kelso, dated 1290,[72] the holdings were 'husband-lands.' In one place[73]--Selkirk--there were 15 _husband-lands, each containing a bovate_. In another[74]--Bolden--the record of which, with the services of the husband-lands, is referred to several times in the document as typical of the rest, there were 28 husband-lands, owing equal payments and services. The contents are not given, but as the services evidently are doubles of those of Selkirk, it may be inferred that the husband-lands each contained 2 bovates (_i.e._ a virgate), and that so did the usual husband-lands of the Kelso estates. This inference is confirmed by the record for the manor of Reveden, which states that the monks had there 8 husband-lands,[75] from each of which were due the services set out at length at the end of this section; and then goes on to say that formerly each 'husband' took with his 'land' his _stuht_, viz. 2 _oxen_, 1 horse, 3 chalders of oats, 6 bolls [p062] of barley, and 3 of wheat. 'But when Abbot Richard commuted that service into money, then they returned their _stuht_, and paid each for his husband-land 18s. per annum.' The allotment of 2 oxen as _stuht_, or outfit, to the husband-land evidently corresponds with its contents as two bovates. If the holding of 2 bovates was equivalent to the virgate, and the bovate to the half-virgate or one-eighth of the hide, then the hide should contain 8 bovates or oxgangs; and as the single oxgang had relation to the single ox, and the virgate or 'two bovates' to the pair of oxen allotted to it by way of 'stuht,' or outfit, so the hide ought to have a similar relation to a team of 8 oxen. Thus, if the full team of 8 oxen can be shown to be the _normal_ plough team, a very natural relation would be suggested between the gradations of holdings in villenage, and the number of oxen contributed by the holders of them to the full plough team of the manorial plough. And, in fact, there is ample evidence that it was so. «Full _caruca_ or plough team of eight oxen.» In the Kelso records there is mention of a 'carucate,' or 'plough-land'[76] ('plough' being in these records rendered by 'caruca'); and this plough-land turns out, upon examination, to contain 4 husband-lands, _i.e._ presumably 8 bovates. Further, among the 'Ancient Acts of the Scotch Parliament' there is an early statute[77] headed '_Of Landmen telande with Pluche_,' which ordains that '_ilk man teland with a pluche of viii. oxin_' shall sow at the least so much wheat, &c.: showing that the team of 8 oxen was the normal plough team in Scotland. [p063] Again, among the fragments printed under the heading of 'Ancient Scotch Laws and Customs,' without date, occurs the following record:[78]-- 'In the first time that the law was made and ordained they began at the freedom of "halikirk," and since, at the measuring of lands, the "_plew-land_" they ordained to contain _viii. oxingang_, &c.'