What were these services? An examination of them as stated in the '_Rectitudines_' will show at once their close resemblance to those of the holders of virgates in villenage in post-Domesday times. They may be classified in the same way as these were classified. «Gafol.» Some of them are called _gafol_; _i.e._ they were _tributes_ in money and in kind, and in work at ploughing, &c., in the nature rather of rent, rates, and taxes than anything else. They were as follows: «_Gafol-yrth._» At _Michaelmas_ x. gafol-pence. At _Martinmas_ xxiii. sesters of barley and ii. hens.[168] At _Easter_ a young sheep, or ii.d. Of gafol-ploughing (_gafol_-yrð) to plough three acres, and sow it from his barn. The hearth-penny. With another gebur to feed a hound. Six loaves to the swineherd of the manor, when he takes the flock to pasture. In some places the gebur gives _honey-gafol_, in some _mete-gafol_, and in some _ale-gafol_. «_Bene_-work.» Next there were the _precariæ_ or _bene-work_, extra special services: To plough three acres 'to bene' (_ad precem_), and two to 'gærsyrðe.'[169] [p141] «Week-work.» Lastly, the chief services were the regular _week-work_ (wic-weorc), generally limited to certain days a week according to the season. 'He shall work for week-work two days at such work as he is bid throughout the year, each week; and in August three days' week-work, and from Candlemas to Easter three days.' «Thirty acres in yard-land; ten in each field.» These were the services of the _gebur_ or _villanus_, and we may gather that his yard-land embraced the usual thirty acres or strips, _i.e._ ten strips in each of the three common fields of his village. This seems to follow from the fact that his outfit included '_seven acres sown_.' These seven acres were no doubt on the wheat-field which had to be sown before winter. It was seven acres, and not ten, because the crop on the other three counted as 'gafolyrð' to his lord, and this was not due the first season. The oats or beans on the second or spring-sown field he could sow for himself. The third field was in fallow. The only start he required was therefore the seven acres of wheat which must be sown before winter. So much for the _gebur_; now as to the _cottier_. «Cottier's holding of five acres, and his services.» The cottier tenant, in respect of his five acres (more or less), rendered similar services on an humbler scale. His week-work was on Mondays each week throughout the year, three days a week at harvest. He was free from land-gafol, but paid hearth-penny and church-scot at Martinmas. The nature of his work was the ordinary service of the geneat as [p142] required by his lord from time to time; only, having no oxen, he was exempt from ploughing, as he was also after the Norman Conquest. V. THE DOUBLE AND ANCIENT CHARACTER OF THE SERVICES OF THE GEBUR--GAFOL AND WEEK-WORK.