_Marshall Hall’s Method._—Lay the patient on the floor, with the clothing round his neck, chest, and abdomen loose; if wet, remove it, and throw over his body a warm blanket. Clear out the mouth, and turn the patient _on his face_, one arm being folded under his forehead (see fig. 117), and the chest raised on a folded coat or firm cushion. Next, turn the patient well on his side, while an assistant supports the head and arm doubled underneath it (see fig. 118), and confines his attention to keeping the head forward and the mouth open during the movements to and fro. When two seconds have elapsed turn the body again face downwards, and allow it to remain so for two seconds, and then raise it as before. This series of movements, occasionally varying the side, should be repeated about fifteen times a minute, and continued until spontaneous respiration is restored, or, until two hours have been thus spent in vain. [Illustration: Fig. 118.—Artificial Respiration. Marshall Hall’s method. 2nd position.] [Illustration: Fig. 119.—Artificial Respiration. Silvester’s Method. Expanding the Chest.] [Illustration: Fig. 120.—Artificial Respiration. Silvester’s method. Compressing the Chest.] _Silvester’s Method._—Lay the patient on a flat surface, the head and shoulders supported on his coat folded into a firm cushion. Loosen all tight clothing, and if wet replace it by a warm dry blanket, his arms being outside the blanket. Clear the mouth of dirt, blood, &c., draw the tongue forwards, and fasten it to the chin by a piece of string or tape tied round it and the lower jaw. Next, standing at the patient’s head, grasp the arms at the elbows, and draw them gently and steadily upwards till the hands meet above the head (see fig. 119); keep them so stretched for two seconds. Then slowly replace the elbows by the sides, and press gently inwards for two seconds (see fig. 120). These movements are repeated without hurry about fifteen times in a minute, until a spontaneous effort to breathe is made, when exertion should be directed to restoring the circulation by rubbing the limbs upwards towards the body, and by placing hot bottles at the pit of the stomach, to the armpits, between the thighs, and to the feet. Should natural breathing not commence, artificial respiration should be continued for two hours before success is despaired of. [Illustration: Fig. 121.—The Spray-producer.]