Lichtenstein[123] reported, from Zweifel's clinic in Leipsic, the results of 400 cases of eclampsia, and he found that the eclamptic convulsions cease in only one-third of the cases after any form of delivery. He says the mortality of induced labor is no better than that after forced delivery, and that the mortality of both methods does not materially differ from the mortality of a long series of cases where there was no such intervention. The difference in the mortality between eclampsia without delivery or with delivery seems to depend on the relative loss of blood. In 40 per cent. of eclamptic cases operated upon, the loss of blood was 500 c.c. above the loss in cases of spontaneous delivery. The loss of blood tends to produce collapse when the blood comes from the uterus, although it may be beneficial if removed by venesection before delivery. Five hundred c.c. of blood is one-eighth to one-ninth of the entire blood supply of the body in a woman of average size. If 500 c.c. of blood is withdrawn before the shock of forced delivery and replaced by an equal quantity of normal salt solution, the toxin is thus reduced by one-fourth or one-third and then diluted by the normal salt solution, so that it has less poisonous effect. [123] _Archiv für Gynäkologie_, 1911, xcv, 1. Lichtenstein[124] describes the expectant treatment by phlebotomy and narcotics to replace operative interference, and this method has revolutionized the mortality of the treatment of eclampsia. In ninety-four cases of eclampsia his mortality was only 5.3 per cent., and none of the deaths could be ascribed to the treatment. The infant mortality was 37.3 per cent., as against his 38.8 per cent. in active operative interference during preceding years. Werner, in the Second Gynecological Clinic in the University of Vienna,[125] by this new method in thirty-eight cases of eclampsia had a maternal mortality of 5.2, as Lichtenstein had, but his infant mortality was only 14.65 per cent., an enormous advance for the better. Formerly the mortality in the Viennese clinic was 15.8 for the women and 44.3 for the children, in a series of 120 cases of eclampsia. A mortality of 50 per cent. in the children is common in the old method. In Lichtenstein's cases there were mental disturbances in 2.1 per cent. of the women, as against 6.75 per cent. in the old method. Eclamptics may go insane and kill the child after delivery. Lichtenstein treated 74 consecutive cases without a single death. In 54 per cent. of his cases the convulsions ceased after one venesection, and 42 per cent. of the women with ante-partum attacks recovered before labor came on. Engelmann[126] reported a case where a woman who had had 188 convulsions recovered after the third venesection. [124] _Monatsschrift für Geburtshülfe und Gynäkologie_, xxxviii, 2. Berlin. [125] _Münchener medizinische Wochenschrift_, November 23, 1915. [126] _Centralbl. f. Gynäk._ xxxi, 11.