When the ovaries must be removed for diseases like cystic degeneration or abscess, the surgeon leaves, if possible, part of an ovary, or he engrafts part of an ovary in the abdominal wound, under the skin, or elsewhere. This grafting is beneficial in many cases, but it has little or no effect in many others. The graft is absorbed and it disappears in a year or two, but before it is absorbed it makes the onset of the surgical menopause gradual and thus prevents much suffering. In thirty-two cases reported by Chalfant[184] the graft gave evidence of functioning in five of seventeen women from whom the uterus and ovaries had been removed; in others it acted for months and then failed; in others it lessened the unfavorable symptoms; in others it had no effect at all. Stocker[185] reported two successful implantations of ovarian grafts and one testicular graft. [184] _Surgery, Gynecology, and Obstetrics_, November, 1915. Chicago. [185] _Correspondenz-Blatt f. Schweizer Aerzte_, February 12, 1916. Giles[186] says that in his series of 157 cases of double oöphorectomy severe mental depression occurred in various groups in from 10 to 33 per cent., and two women became insane. Sex instinct was abolished in 16 per cent. Dickinson[187] found, in 200 cases where one or both ovaries had been removed, that not more than 20 per cent. fell into the surgical menopause even when the uterus had been taken out; but Giles, in 50 removals of one ovary, found irregularity, diminution, or cessation of the menses in 16 per cent. Carmichael, Valtorta, and McIlroy[188] discovered in animals a compensatory hypertrophy of the remaining ovary after one ovary had been removed. The internal function and nutrition seem to depend upon the ovarian secretion, as atrophy occurs after bilateral oöphorectomy. In all operations upon or near the ovaries there is likelihood of interference with the blood supply of the ovary, either by including ovarian arteries in the ligatures, or by tension of these vessels, which occludes them, or by malposition and prolapse of the ovary, which kinks them: these accidents result in degeneration or retention cysts. In most cases of pelvic peritonitis the uterus is retrodisplaced, and this position prevents cure until it is corrected. [186] _Jour. Obstet. and Gynecol. of Brit. Empire_, March and April, 1910. [187] _Trans. Amer. Gyn. Soc._, vol. xxxvi, p. 324. [188] Norris, _Gonorrhea in Women_, p. 289.