The Ethics of Medical Homicide and MutilationO'Malley, Austin
Religion
The Ethics of Medical Homicide and Mutilation
O'Malley, Austin
Medical ethics
The soul according to the Thomists, who use the Aristotelian
definition, is the first entelechy of a natural organic body that has
life in potency.[41] It is the determination that gives the body its
specific and substantial being; the primal actuation of a body or
matter, since only in matter is there a distinction between potency
for substantial being and substantial actuality. An entelechy is a
realization, actuality, full perfection; sight, for example, is the
entelechy of the eye. This body is natural, not merely instrumental;
it is energized by an immanent principle, not moved by an external
force like a tool. The body is also organic; it must have organs,
faculties, parts destined to perform definite functions. To say the
entelechy has life in potency means that since life, or the operation
of the soul, is an immanent act, there must be a receptacle within
which it can be immanent, and the soul is the primal actualization
of that organic body, which is in potency to produce those immanent
actions in which life consists. A body might be in potency while it
still has no principle of operation, or, secondly, while it has such
a principle but is not using it. In the second condition the human
body is in potency for life at the moment of actualization.
[41] ἡ ψυχή ἐστιν ἐντελέχεια ἡ πρώτη σώματος ψυσικοῦ ὀργανικοῦ
δυνάμει ζωὴν ἔχοντοσ (_De Anima_, ii, 1).
A form fixes a thing in its prχοντοσoper species, and the rational
soul is such a form for the human body. This substantial form is the
completion, perfection, in operability and existence, of the matter
that receives it. It is the formal cause of man, not the efficient
cause, although it is the efficient cause of subsequent vital
operations. An efficient cause makes something numerically different
from itself by its own real and physical action; a formal cause and
a material cause do not make anything different from themselves
numerically, but they intrinsically constitute the effect--they are
intrinsic causes.
The human soul as the substantial form virtually contains vegetative
and sensory faculties, and through these lower organic capacities it
informs and animates the body. That form, together with the matter,
the body, does the vital acts of the composite human nature. The
rational soul enters the body at the beginning, and first uses its
vegetative faculty until the fetus is far enough advanced to be a
subject for the action of the sensory faculty of the soul. Later,
some time after the birth of the child, when the body is sufficiently
formed, the intellectual faculty comes into use.
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