_The Aviones._--The Aviones are either unknown to history, or known under the slightly modified form of _Chaviones_. Maximian conquers them about A.D. 289. His Panegyrist Mamertinus associates them with the Heruli. Perhaps, the _Obii_ are the same people. If so, they cross the Danube in conjunction with the Langobardi, and are mentioned, as having done so, by Petrus Patricius. The _Eudoses_ will be noticed when Ptolemy's list comes under consideration. So will the _Suardones_. No light has ever been thrown on the _Nuithones_. Over and above the Saxons, to whom a special chapter will be devoted, _Ptolemy's_ list contains:-- 1. _The Sigulones._--The Saxons lay to the north of Elbe, on the neck of the Chersonese, and the Sigulones occupied the Chersonese itself, westwards. Two populations thus placed between the Atlantic and the Baltic, immediately north of the Elbe, leave but little room for each other. "Then," writes Ptolemy, "come-- "2. _The Sabalingii._--then-- "3. _The Kobandi._--above these-- "4. _The Chali._--and above them, but more to the west-- "5. _The Phundusii._--more to the east-- "6. _The Charudes._--and most to the north of all-- "7. _The Cimbri._" 8. _The Pharodini_ lay next to the Saxons, between the Rivers Chalusus and Suebus. Tacitus' geography is obscure; Ptolemy's is difficult. One wants light. The other gives us conflicting facts. Neither have the attempts to reconcile them been successful. The first point that strikes us is the difference of the names in the two authors. No Sigulones and Sabalingii in Tacitus. No Nuithones and Reudigni in Ptolemy. Then there is the extremely northern position which the latter gives the Cimbri. His Charudes, too, cannot well be separated from Cæsar's Harudes. Nevertheless, their area is inconveniently distant from the seat of war in the invasion of Gaul under Ariovistus, of whose armies the Harudes form a part. The River Chalusus is reasonably considered to be the Trave. But the Suebus is not the Oder; though the two are often identified: inasmuch as the geographer continues to state that after the Pharodini come "the Sidini to the river Iadua" (the Oder?), "and, after them, the Rutikleii as far as the Vistula." Zeuss has allowed himself to simplify some of the details by identifying certain of the Ptolemæan names with those of Tacitus. Thus he thinks that, by supposing the original word to have been Σφαρόδ-ινοι, the Φαρόδιν-οι and _Suardon_-es may be made the same. _Kobandi_, too, he thinks may be reduced to _Chaviones_, or _Aviones_. Thirdly, by the prefix Φ, and the insertion of N, _Eudos_-es may be converted into Φουνδοῦσ-ιοι.