In Europe the evidence for climatic changes during historical times is more difficult to follow, since variations of rainfall leave fewer traces in a moist than in an arid or semi-arid country. A certain amount of material is given by Brückner in his “Klimaschwankungen.” He finds that there was a great advance of the Alpine glaciers from 1595 to 1610, while two Italian lakes without outlet, the Lago di Fucina and Lake Trasimeno, attained a high level about the same time. Other evidence for western Europe is derived from the date of the wine-harvest and from the records of severe winters. Like the growth-curves of the big trees, they need a secular correction to alter the general slope of the curve, especially in the case of severe winters, but the larger irregularities probably correspond to real variations of climate. I have added in column 4 the numbers of winters with sea-ice on some part of the Danish coast, as tabulated from the records compiled by Captain C. I. H. Speerschneider. The results are in general agreement with column 3, particularly as showing that the period 1401-50 was relatively mild; but the first half of the seventeenth century is less instead of greater than its two neighbours in this column. The figures for the wine-harvest refer to the average for the period 1816-80; - indicates that the harvest was so many days earlier than normal, corresponding to a high summer temperature (May to August). The table shows that cold winters were especially numerous in the first half of the twelfth century and again in the thirteenth. The end of the fifteenth century was marked by hot summers and mild winters, or a warmer climate; the beginning of the seventeenth century by cold (presumably snowy) winters and cool summers. Thus the periods of increased rainfall in the arid regions of Asia and America were marked by a colder climate in the rainy regions of western Europe.