In Peru, W. Sievers reports the existence of two glaciations separated by a considerable interval. The present limit of the glaciers is about 15,200 feet; during the first glaciation they descended to about 11,000 feet, and during the second to 12,800 feet. The evidence is very complete. In Ecuador, H. Meyer records a similar bipartition. The oldest glaciation is represented by trough-like valleys, enormous gravel terraces, and old moraines much weathered; the limits are far below the present limits of glaciers, but have been much obscured by subsequent erosion. This glaciation was followed by a long period of steppe climate resembling the present, during which the loess-like Cangagua formation was deposited. This in turn was followed by a readvance of the glaciers to a level about 2700 feet below the present limit. This glaciation is associated with crescent-shaped moraines, corrie lakes, hanging valleys and gravel terraces, covered with vegetation, but otherwise fresh-looking. The snow-line lay about 1600 feet below the present. Probably during the first glaciation the Andes were invaded by numerous mountain plants and animals related to North American forms—a valuable piece of evidence which indicates that the glaciation was contemporaneous with that in North America. In Columbia and Venezuela there are traces of Glacial periods, but these have not yet been studied in detail. The most northerly evidence of a Glacial period comes from the Sierra Nevada de Santa Maria, near the north coast of Venezuela in 11° N.