Halle, T. G. “On Quaternary deposits and changes of level in Patagonia and Tierra del Fuego.” _Bull. Geol. Inst._, Upsala, 9, 1908-9, p. 93. CHAPTER X AFRICA The Quaternary history of Africa can unfortunately be dismissed in a very few words. The glaciation of the Atlas Mountains has already been referred to in connexion with the Mediterranean region. Further south we have no great mountain chain such as the Andes extending above the snow-line over the whole extent of the country, but merely a few isolated peaks. Three of these, all close to the equator, are known to show traces of a greatly extended glaciation in the past: Ruwenzori, just north of the equator, on the borders of Uganda and the Congo, reaching an elevation of 16,794 feet, with the present snow-line at 15,000 feet, and glaciers extending to 10,000 feet, formerly bore glaciers extending down as far as 5200 feet; Kenya, on the equator in Kenya Colony, height 17,040 feet, present snow-line about 15,000 feet, past snow-line 12,000 feet, and old moraines at 10,000 feet; finally, Kilimanjaro, 3° S., on the borders of Tanganyika territory, height 19,320 feet, present limit of glaciers 13,650 feet, past limit 4870 feet. Further south, the Drakensberg Mountains, between Basutoland and Natal, were glaciated on their higher summits. In none of these cases have the remains of more than one glaciation been described, but the mountains are still very little known and this negative evidence is not conclusive. In the neighbourhood of Ruwenzori there are several peaks, which approach 12,000 feet, but these were not glaciated, pointing to a snow-line above this level. Unfortunately the latter piece of evidence is of doubtful validity since these mountains are volcanic and possibly of post-glacial age; we may consider, however, that the glaciation of the central African mountains was characterized by a great increase in the length of the glaciers with only a slight depression of the snow-line, conditions showing that the glaciation was due chiefly to an increase of snowfall, and only in a minor degree to a fall of temperature. This conclusion is borne out by the low-level beds, which nowhere show an appreciably lower temperature, but abound in indications of a former greatly increased rainfall. The first of these is the former greater size of the African great lakes.