[60] We can see how little the _real_ order of evolution resembles the theoretical order of the XVIII. century, evolved from pure reasoning: “The complex notions of substances were the _first_ known, since they came from the senses, and must therefore have been the first to have names” (Condillac). “With regard to adjectives, the notion must have developed with _exceeding difficulty_, since every adjective is an abstract term, and abstraction is a painful, or unnatural operation” (J. J. Rousseau). [61] P. Regnaud, _Origine et philosophie du langage_, p. 317. [62] On this point, consult especially Sayce, _op. cit._, II., § 9, and P. Regnaud, _op. cit._, pp. 296-299. [63] “The word _être_ is irreducible, indecomposable, primitive, and wholly intellectual. I know no language in which the French word _être_ is expressed by a corresponding word representing a sensible idea. Hence it is not true that all the roots of the language are in last resort signs of sensory ideas.” (V. Cousin, _Histoire de la phil. au XIII siècle_, 1841, II., p. 274.) [64] For the psychology of relation consult Herbert Spencer, _Psychology_, I., p. 65, II., pp., 360 et seq.; James, _Psychology_, I., pp., 203 et seq. The latter gives the history of the subject, which is very brief, and remarks that the idealogues form an honorable exception to the general abstention. Thus Destutt de Tracy established a distinction between feelings of _sensation_ and feelings of _relation_. [65] Regnaud, _op. cit._, pp. 304 et seq. [66] It is superfluous to give examples of such a well-known fact. See Darmesteter, _The Life of Words_. [67] Intelligence is taken here in its restricted sense, as the synonym of abstracting, generalising, judging, reasoning. [68] _De l’intelligence_, Vol. I., Bk. IV., Chap. I., p. 254, first edition. [69] _De l’intelligence_, I., Bk. IV., Chap. I., p. 254, first ed. [70] _Mental Evolution in Man_, pp. 74 and 75. [71] As Paulhan remarks, “L’abstraction et les idées abstraites” (_Revue Philosophique_, Jan., 1889, p. 26 et seq.), these two processes are initially linked one with the other, so that we find analytical syntheses, and synthetical analyses. [72] _Op. cit._, VIII., 158-165. [73] We have touched on this subject incidentally in _La psychologie des sentiments_ (Part II, IX, § 2, pp. 305 et seq.). Many tribes do not get beyond polydemonism, peopling the universe with innumerable genii; this is the reign of the concrete. A certain progress is marked by subordinating the genius of each tree to the god of the forest, the different genii of a river to the god of the river, etc. At a degree higher, the intellect constitutes a single god for water, one for fire, one for the earth, etc. Thus there come to be genii of individual, specific, and generic origin. [74] Tylor, _Primitive Culture_, I., gives abundant data on this question. Chap. VII. is entirely devoted to it.