The equally early Cercamon: False can I be or true for her, Sincere or full of lies, A perfect knight or worthless cur, Serene or grave, stupid or wise. Raimon of Toulouse: In the kingdom of love Folly rules and not sense. It was typical of this enthusiastic love that the social rank of the beloved, the mistress, was invariably above the rank of the lover. The latter was fond of calling himself her vassal and serf, proclaiming that she had invested him with all his goods; even kings and German emperors composed love-songs, although in all probability they would have achieved their purpose far more quickly by other means; but in all cases we find the characteristic attitude of the humble lover, looking up to his mistress. The underlying thought is obvious: Love, the loftiest value in all the world, is the great leveller of all social differences, a force before which wealth is as dust. "I would rather win a kind glance from my lady's eyes than the royal crown of France," was a favourite profession of the poets. Montanhagol, for instance, in a rhymed meditation, stated that a lady was wise in choosing a lover of a lower social rank, because not only could she always count on his gratitude and devotion, but she would also have more influence over him, a fact which in the case of a social equal or superior was, to say the least, a little doubtful. This supreme reverence for love soon became an accepted doctrine. We constantly meet the thought that chaste love alone can make a man noble, good and wise. I will select a few illustrations from a wealth of instances: Miraval: Noble is every deed whose root is love. Peire Rogier: Full well I know that right and good Is all I do for love of her. Guirot Riquier: The man who loves not is not noble-minded, For love is fruit and blossom of the highest. And: Thus love transfigures ev'ry deed we do, And love gives everything a deeper sense. Love is the teaching of all genuine worth. So base is no man's heart on this wide earth, Love could not guide it to great excellence. Giraut of Calenso said of the City of Love that no base or ignorant man could enter it, and the Italian Lapo Gianni sang: The youthful maiden who appeared to me So filled my soul with pure and lofty thoughts, That henceforth all ignoble things I scorn. Dante in the _Vita Nuova_ calls Beatrice "the destroyer of all evil and the queen of all virtues." The very thought of the beloved makes a good man of the lover: "I cannot sin when I am in her thoughts." asserts the sincere Guirot Riquier, and he prays Christ to teach him the true love of woman.