There is a great phylogenetic significance in the perfect agreement which we find between man and the anthropoid apes in these important features of embryonic circulation, and the special construction of the placenta and the umbilical cord. We must infer from it a close blood-relationship of man and the anthropomorphic apes—a common descent of them from one and the same extinct group of lower apes. Huxley’s “pithecometra-principle” applies to these ontogenetic features as much as to any other morphological relations: “The differences in construction of any part of the body are less between man and the anthropoid apes than between the latter and the lower apes.” This important Huxleian law, the chief consequence of which is “the descent of man from the ape,” has lately been confirmed in an interesting and unexpected way from the side of the experimental physiology of the blood. The experiments of Hans Friedenthal at Berlin have shown that human blood, mixed with the blood of lower apes, has a poisonous effect on the latter; the serum of the one destroys the blood-cells of the other. But this does not happen when human blood is mixed with that of the anthropoid ape. As we know from many other experiments that the mixture of two different kinds of blood is only possible without injury in the case of two closely related animals of the same family, we have another proof of the close blood-relationship, in the literal sense of the word, of man and the anthropoid ape. Fig.203. Lar or white-handed gibbon (Hylobates lar or albimanus), from the Indian mainland. Fig. 203—Lar or white-handed gibbon (_Hylobates lar_ or _albimanus_), from the Indian mainland (From _Brehm._) Fig.204. Young orang (Satyrus orang), asleep. Fig. 204—Young orang (_Satyrus orang_), asleep. The existing anthropoid apes are only a small remnant of a large family of eastern apes (or _Catarrhinæ_), from which man was evolved about the end of the Tertiary period. They fall into two geographical groups—the Asiatic and the African anthropoids. In each group we can distinguish two genera. The oldest of these four genera is the gibbon _Hylobates,_ Fig. 203); there are from eight to twelve species of it in the East Indies. I made observations of four of them during my voyage in the East Indies (1901), and had a specimen of the ash-grey gibbon (_Hylobates leuciscus_) living for several months in the garden of my house in Java. I have described the interesting habits of this ape (regarded by the Malays as the wild descendant of men who had lost their way) in my _Malayischen_ _Reisebriefen_ (chap. xi). Psychologically, he showed a good deal of resemblance to the children of my Malay hosts, with whom he played and formed a very close friendship. Fig.205. Wild orang (Dyssatyrus auritus). Fig. 205—Wild orang (_Dyssatyrus auritius_). (From _R. Fick_ and _Leutemann._).