Between this common mitosis, or _indirect_ cell-division—which is the normal cleavage-process in most cells of the higher animals and plants—and the simple _ direct_ division (Fig. 10) we find every grade of segmentation; in some circumstances even one kind of division may be converted into another. The plastid is also endowed with the functions of movement and sensation. The single cell can move and creep about, when it has space for free movement and is not prevented by a hard envelope; it then thrusts out at its surface processes like fingers, and quickly withdraws them again, and thus changes its shape (Fig. 12). Finally, the young cell is sensitive, or more or less responsive to stimuli; it makes certain movements on the application of chemical and mechanical irritation. Hence we can ascribe to the individual cell all the chief functions which we comprehend under the general heading of “life”—sensation, movement, nutrition, and reproduction. All these properties of the multicellular and highly developed animal are also found in the single animal-cell, at least in its younger stages. There is no longer any doubt about this, and so we may regard it as a solid and important base of our physiological conception of the elementary organism. Without going any further here into these very interesting phenomena of the life of the cell, we will pass on to consider the application of the cell theory to the ovum. Here comparative research yields the important result that _every ovum is at first a simple cell._ I say this is very important, because our whole science of embryology now resolves itself into the problem: “How does the multicellular organism arise from the unicellular?” Every organic individual is at first a simple cell, and as such an elementary organism, or a unit of individuality. This cell produces a cluster of cells by segmentation, and from these develops the multicellular organism, or individual of higher rank. Fig. 11 Indirect or mitotic cell-division. A. Mother-cell (Knot, spirema) 1. Nuclear threads (chromosomata) (coloured nuclear matter, chromatin) 2. Nuclear membrane 3. Nuclear sap 4. Cytosoma 5. Protoplasm of the cell-body B. Mother-star, the loops beginning to split lengthways (nuclear membrane gone) 1. Star-like appearance in cytoplasm 2. Centrosoma (sphere of attraction) 3. Nuclear spindle (achromin, colourless matter) 4. Nuclear loops (chromatin, coloured matter) C. The two daughter-stars, produced by the breaking of the loops of the mother-star (moving away) 1. Upper daughter-crown 2. Connecting threads of the two crowns (achromin) 3. Lower daughter-crown 4. Double-star (amphiaster)