§ 4. The effects of this concentration of population upon the character and life of the people are multifarious. For convenience in grouping facts, these effects may be considered in relation to (_A_) physical health, (_B_) intelligence, (_C_) morals, though it will be evident that the influences placed under these respective heads act and react upon one another in many intricate and important ways. (_A_) The best test of the effect of town life upon the population is afforded by a comparison of the rates of mortality of town and country population respectively. DEATH-RATE IN TOWN AND COUNTRY DISTRICTS OF ENGLAND, 1851-90.[275] --------+------------------------------+------------------- | Annual Deaths per 1000. | Deaths in Town +----------+--------+----------+ Districts to Years. | England | | | 100 Deaths in | and | Town. | Country. | Country in equal | Wales. | | | numbers living. --------+----------+--------+----------+------------------- 1851-60 | 22.2 | 24.7 | 19.9 | 124 1861-70 | 22.5 | 24.8 | 19.7 | 126 1871-80 | 21.4 | 23.1 | 19.0 | 122 1881 | 18.9 | 20.1 | 16.9 | 119 1882 | 19.6 | 20.9 | 17.3 | 121 1883 | 19.5 | 20.5 | 17.9 | 115 1884 | 19.5 | 20.6 | 17.7 | 117 1885 | 19.0 | 19.7 | 17.8 | 111 1886 | 19.3 | 20.0 | 18.0 | 111 1887 | 18.8 | 19.7 | 17.2 | 115 1888 | 17.8 | 20.9 | 17.4 | 114 1889 | 17.9 | 19.3 | 16.4 | 118 1890 | | 20.9 | 17.4 | 120 --------+----------+--------+----------+-------------------