[119.2] Serv., _Æn._ 3, 57. [120.1] In modern India a criminal and his wife sometimes undertake to transfer into their own persons the sins of the Rajah and the Rani: _Anthrop. Journ._, 1901, p. 302. [120.2] _Vide_ chapter on Apollo Ritual, _Cults_, vol. iv. [121.1] _Cf._ Blood-purification in Vedic ritual, Hillebrandt, _Vedische Opfer und Zauber_, p. 179 (evil spirits driven away by a reed dipped in blood of the sacrifice, p. 176): in the Lupercalia at Rome the foreheads of youths were smeared with the blood of the sacrificed goat and dog and then wiped with wool dipped in milk, probably a piacular ceremony; _vide_ W. Fowler, _The Roman Festivals_, p. 311. [121.2] _Cf._ Apollon. Rhod., 4, 478, for pig’s blood in purification from murder. [122.1] Numbers c. 19. [124.1] Levit. xvi. 2. [125.1] Numbers xxxi. 19. [125.2] Numbers xxxv. [125.3] Numbers xxxv. 25. [126.1] Deuteron. xxi. [127.1] _Sacred Books of the East_, vol. iv. part i. p. 81. [128.1] _Sacred Books of the East_, vol. iv. part i. p. 204. [128.2] _Ib._ p. 88. [128.3] _Ib._ p. 136. [129.1] _Sacred Books of the East_, vol. iv. p. 28. [130.1] _Sacred Books of the East_, vol. iv. p. 56; _cf._ p. 141. [130.2] The virtue of chastity is religious rather than ethical; the courtesan is reprobated because she mingles the seed of believers and unbelievers alike, _ib._ p. 205. Yet the Zarathustrian system escaped the extravagant exaltation of mere virginity that is found in early Christian literature: “the man who has a wife is far above him who lives in continence” (Fargard, iv.-iii. _b_, p. 46). [131.1] _Sacred Books_, vol. iv. p. 216. [131.2] _Ib._ p. 216. [132.1] _Sacred Books_, vol. iv. p. 87. [135.1] Livy, 40, 6, 1-3: the whole host was led between the severed limbs of a dog. [135.2] Herod., 8, 27. [136.1] Plutarch, _Quæst. Græc._, 24. [136.2] Stobæus, _Florileg._ Meineke, vol. ii. p. 184. [137.1] Mullach, _Frag. Philos._, Adespota. [137.2] _Anth. Pal._, 14, 71. [137.3] _Ib._ No. 74. [138.1] Wilamowitz, _Isyllos_, 6; _Anth. Pal._, Adespota, ccxxxiii. _b_: _cf._ inscription from Astypalaia in Collitz, _Dialect-Inschriften_, No. 3472. [138.2] _C.I.G. Ins. Mar. Æg._ 1, 789. [139.1] In Neæram, § 85. [139.2] Clem. Alex., _Strom._, 619, Pott. [140.1] I believe that the trial scene on the shield of Achilles, rightly interpreted, implies that the community are beginning to decide whether the avenger shall accept the were-gilt or not. [142.1] _Die Entwickelung der Strafe_, vol. ii. p. 347. [143.1] An example is given by Steinmetz, _op. cit._ ii. p. 336, of the punishment of incest among the _Pasemaher_: the guilty pair were buried alive with a hollow pipe reaching from their mouths to the top of the earth: if they survived seven days of this agony their lives were spared: no explanation is offered, but it is not improbable that the law is inspired by the idea that the earth could absorb their impurity. [144.1] _Sacred Books_, vol. iv. p. 169 (pt. i.).