The evolution of scientific thought from Newton to EinsteinD'Abro, A. (Aram)
Science
The evolution of scientific thought from Newton to Einstein
D'Abro, A. (Aram)
Relativity (Physics); Science -- Methodology
“The physical meaning of is also well known; namely, any
velocity which in any time-system is of magnitude is of the same
magnitude in every other time-system. No assumption of the existence
of a velocity with this property or of the electromagnetic invariance
has entered into the deduction of the kinematical equations of the
hyperbolic type.”
Note that in this definition Dr. Whitehead has failed to identify
with either Maxwell’s constant or any other physical magnitude. Thus
is some unspecified magnitude; and we may express Dr. Whitehead’s
definition in more familiar language as follows:
“The critical or maximum velocity is a velocity of undetermined value
which may or may not be demanded by the world-structure. If, however,
it should exist, it will be given by the same invariant in every
Galilean frame, whatever the value of this invariant may be.”
In this definition no reference is made to any physical phenomena
or laws, and this is the aspect which appears to constitute its
superiority in Whitehead’s opinion. But the trouble is that if physical
measurements or the existence of physical laws established empirically
by the use of rod, clock, etc., are to be discarded, the definition
turns out to be no definition at all. For what sort of definition
is one which fails to apprise us of the magnitude of the velocity
it proposes to define? The definition of the velocity of sound, for
example, is that of a velocity of so many feet a second under specified
conditions of observation. A definition which failed to give us this
information would be no definition of the velocity of sound.
Now it might be contended that the precise magnitude of the invariant
velocity is a matter of minor importance, and that its property of
invariance (mentioned in the definition) is the fundamental point. We
may safely say, however, that no physicist could ever subscribe to this
view. Our entire outlook on nature depends essentially on the value of
this invariant velocity.
If it is finite, and if, in addition, it is equal in value to Maxwell’s
constant , hence to the velocity of light in vacuo, we must
conceive of a world of space-time in which the laws of nature will be
subject to certain rigid conditions. Also, simultaneity, length and
duration will be relative.
If the invariant velocity is a finite magnitude greater than the value
of Maxwell’s constant , we shall still have a world of space-time
in the extended sense, but the relativity of velocity will not hold and
we should be able to determine our absolute velocity through space.
The rigid restrictions placed on the laws of nature would no longer
be present, since the laws of electromagnetics would certainly be in
conflict with those restrictions. The entire structure of Einstein’s
theory would be overthrown.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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