[Footnote 178: Cp. R. Pöhlmann, _Die Uebervölkerung der antiken Grossstädte_, 1884, pp. 14-15, 29-30. Prof. Ferrero (_Greatness and Decline of Rome_, Eng. tr. i, 123-27; ii, 131-36) affirms a restoration of Italian "prosperity" from 80 B.C. onwards, by way first of a general cultivation of the vine and the olive by means of Oriental slaves used to such culture, and later of slave manufactures in the towns. But the evidence falls far short of the proposition. The main items are that about 52 B.C. Italy began to export olive oil, and that certain towns later won repute for pottery, textiles, arms, and so on. On the new agriculture cp. Dureau de la Malle, i, 426-27.] [Footnote 179: W.W. Carlile, _The Evolution of Modern Money_, 1901, pp. 46, 48.] [Footnote 180: Cp. M'Culloch, _Essays and Treatises_, 2nd ed. pp. 58-64, and refs.] [Footnote 181: Cp. Hodgkin, _The Dynasty of Theodosius_, 1889, pp. 19-20. From Severus onwards the silver coinage had in fact become "mere _billon_ money," mostly copper. Carlile, as cited.] [Footnote 182: On this cp. Pöhlmann, _Die Uebervölkerung der antiken Grossstädte_, p.37, and Engel, as there cited.] [Footnote 183: As to the probable nature of this much-discussed law see Long, _Decline of the Roman Republic_, i, chs. xi and xii. Cp. Niebuhr, _Lect._ 89.] [Footnote 184: Plutarch, _Tiberius Gracchus_, c. 8.] [Footnote 185: As Long remarks (i, 171), it does not appear what Tiberius Gracchus proposed to do with the slaves when he had put freemen in their place. Cp. Cunningham, p. 150.] [Footnote 186: Cp. Pelham, _Outlines_, pp. 191-92; Ferrero, ch. iii.] [Footnote 187: Robiou et Delaunay, _Les institutions de l'ancienne Rome_, 1888, iii, 18.] [Footnote 188: Cp. Juvenal, iii, 21 _sq._; 162 _sq._] [Footnote 189: For the history of the practice, see the article "Frumentariae Leges," in Smith's _Dictionary of Antiquities_.] [Footnote 190: The first step by Gracchus does not seem to have been much resisted (Merivale, _Fall of the Roman Republic_, p. 22; but cp. Long, _Decline of the Roman Republic_, i, 262), such measures having been for various reasons resorted to at times in the past (Pliny, _Hist. Nat._ xviii, 1; Livy, ii, 34); but in the reaction which followed, the process was for a time restricted (Merivale, p. 34).] [Footnote 191: It seems to have been he who, as consul, first caused the distribution to be made gratuitous. See Cicero, _ad Attic._ ii, 19, and _De Domo Sua_, cc. 10, 15. The Clodian law, making the distribution gratuitous, was passed next year.] [Footnote 192: Suetonius, _Julius_, c. 41.] [Footnote 193: Dio Cassius, xliii, 24.] [Footnote 194: It must have been the relative dearness of land transport that kept the price of corn so low in Cisalpine Gaul in the time of Polybius, who describes a remarkable abundance (ii, 15).] [Footnote 195: Suetonius, _Aug._ cc. 40, 41.] [Footnote 196: _Hist. Nat._ xviii, 7 (6).] [Footnote 197: Cp. his _Economicus_, chs. 5, 9, 11, 20, etc.]