[Footnote 211: There was a fresh relapse after Theodoric, in the ruinous wars between Justinian and the Goths and Franks. Revival began in the north under the Lombards, and was stimulated in the south after the revolt of Gregory II against Leo the Iconoclast, which made an end of the payment of Italian tribute to Byzantium. (Gibbon, Bohn ed. v, 127, 372, 377.)] [Footnote 212: Cp. Dureau de la Malle, _Écon. polit. des Romains_, ii, 24 _sq._] [Footnote 213: _Hist. Nat._ iii, ix, 16.] [Footnote 214: _Id. ib._ 6.] [Footnote 215: Livy, vii, 38.] [Footnote 216: Mommsen, i, 36. Mommsen does not deny the deterioration.] [Footnote 217: Sueton. _Julius_, c. 20.] [Footnote 218: _E.g._ Jacob, _Hist. Inq. into the Prod. and Consump. of the Precious Metals_, 1831, i, 221 _sq._] [Footnote 219: Cp. Pliny, _Hist. Nat._ xii, 18 (41).] [Footnote 220: Cp. Del Mar, _History of the Precious Metals_, 1880, pref. p. vi; _Money and Civilisation_, 1886, introd. p. ix.] [Footnote 221: Cp. Polybius, cited by Strabo, iii, ii, § 10; Jacob, _Hist. of the Precious Metals_, i, 176.] [Footnote 222: Cp. Dureau de la Malle, _Econ. pol. des Romains_, ii, 441; Merivale, _History_, iv, 44.] [Footnote 223: Jacob, as cited, i, 179.] [Footnote 224: Gibbon, ch. xvii, Bohn ed. ii, 237. Cp. Prof. Bury's note in his ed., and Dureau de la Malle, _Econ. polit. des Romains_, i, 301 _sq._] [Footnote 225: On this form of oppression cp. Guizot, _Essais sur l'histoire de France_, i; his note on Gibbon, Bohn ed. ii, 234; Dill, _Roman Society in the Last Century of the Western Empire_, B. iii, ch. 2; and Cunningham, _Western Civilisation_, pp. 188, 189.] [Footnote 226: Spalding, _Italy_, i, 398, following Symmachus.] [Footnote 227: Gibbon, ch. xvii, Bohn ed. ii, 237, citing _Cod. Theodos._ xi, 28, 2. Cp. Dill, pp. 259-60.] [Footnote 228: Cp. Dill, as cited, p. 260.] [Footnote 229: Anastasius in his reign of twenty-seven years had saved an enormous treasure, whence it is arguable that Justinian's straits were due to bad management. But while he enlarged the expenditure, chiefly for military purposes, he also enlarged the revenue by very oppressive means, and practised some new economies. The fact remains that where Anastasius could hoard with a non-imperialist policy, Justinian, re-expanding the Empire, could not. See Gibbon, ch. 40, _passim_. Non-military expenditure could not account for the final deficit in Justinian's treasury. Even the great church of San Sofia does not seem to have cost above £1,000,000. _Id._ Bohn ed. iv, 335.]