[Footnote 301: Finlay (i, 81) writes that "at this favourable conjuncture Christianity stepped in to prevent avarice from ever recovering the ground which humanity had gained." This clearly did not happen, and his later chapters supply the true explanation.] [Footnote 302: Finlay later says so in so many words (ii, 23, 220), explicitly rejecting the Christian theory (see also p. 321). This historian's views seem to have modified as his studies proceeded, but without leading him to recast his earlier text.] [Footnote 303: Luke xvii, 7-10, Gr. The translation "servant" is, of course, an entire perversion.] [Footnote 304: 1 Cor. vii, 21-24. The phrase unintelligibly garbled as "use it rather" clearly means "rather remain a slave." "even" being understood in the previous clause. This was the interpretation of Chrysostom and most of the Fathers. See the Variorum Teacher's Bible, _ad loc_. Cp. the whole first chapter of Larroque, _De l'esclavage chez les nations chrétiennes_, 2nd édit. 1864; and the forcible passage of Frédéric Morin, _Origines de la Démocratie_, 3e édit. 1865, pp. 384-86. As Morin points out, the Church has never passed a theological condemnation of slavery. On the other hand, it was expressly justified by Augustine (_De Civ. Dei_, 1. xix, c. 15) as a divinely ordained punishment for sin; and by Thomas Aquinas (_De regimine principum_, ii, 10) as being further a stimulus to bravery in soldiers. He cannot have seen the Histories of Tacitus, where (ii, 4) civil wars are declared to have been the most bloody, _because_ prisoners were not to be enslaved.] [Footnote 305: Athenagoras, _Apology for Christianity_, c. 35; Chrysostom, _passim_.] [Footnote 306: _Instit. Justin._ I, iii, § 2, 4; v.] [Footnote 307: _Politics_, i, 3.] [Footnote 308: Cp. Michelet, _Hist. de France_, vol. vii, _Renaissance_, note du § v. Introd. (ed. 1857, pp. 155-57). Michelet argues that the Christian influence was substantially anti-liberationist.] [Footnote 309: U.R. Burke, _History of Spain_, Hume's ed. i, 116, 407.] [Footnote 310: Chrysostom. 15th Hom. in Eph. (iv, 31); cp. 11th Hom. in 1 Thess. (v. 28).] [Footnote 311: "Cum occidunt servos suos, jus putant esse, non crimen. Non solum hoc, sed eodem privilegio etiam in execrando impudicitiæ cæno abutuntur" (_De gubernatione Dei_, iv).] [Footnote 312: See below, pt. iv, ch. ii.] [Footnote 313: Cp. the whole of Larroque's second chapter.] [Footnote 314: So Mr. Oman admits, p. 148.] [Footnote 315: _Cod. Theod._ xi, 3. 1, 2; _Cod. Justin._ xi, 47.] [Footnote 316: _Cod. Justin._ xi, 47, 13 and 23. [A clear retrogression to quasi-slavery for the freemen.]] [Footnote 317: Finlay, i, 200, 201. Cp. p. 153.] [Footnote 318: _Id._ ii, 27, and _note_. Cp. Dill, as cited, p. 233.] PART III CULTURE FORCES IN ANTIQUITY CHAPTER I GREECE § 1