[Footnote 380: This has been disputed; cp. Berdoe, _Origin of the Healing Art_, 1893, p.72; Withington, _Medical History from the Earliest Times_, 1894, pp. 21-22. But the Greeks could hardly have resorted to the Egyptians so much as they admittedly did for mathematical and astronomical teaching in the early period without learning something of their medicine. Cp. Berdoe, bk. ii, ch. i, and Kenrick, _Ancient Egypt_, 1850, i, 345-48, as to Egyptian medicine. The passage in the _Odyssey_, iv, 227-32, is decisive as to its repute in early Greece. Certainly it was stationary, like everything Egyptian. Whether the Indian and Egyptian medicine found "neue Bedeutung" in Greek hands, after the fresh contacts made under Alexander, as is claimed by Droysen (_Geschichte Alexanders des Grossen_, 3te Aufl. pp. 367-68), is another question.] [Footnote 381: As to the inferred development of pre-Islamic civilisation in Arabia, see Deutsch, _Literary Remains_, pp. 91, 123, 124, 313, 314; and Nöldeke, _Sketches from Eastern History_, Eng. tr. pp. 18, 19.] [Footnote 382: The first Islamites, apart from the inner circle, were the least religious. See Renan, _Études d'histoire religieuse_, pp. 257-65; and Van Vloten, _Recherches sur la domination arabe_, Amsterdam, 1894, pp. 1, 2, 4, 7. Nöldeke (p. 15) speaks in the conventional way of the "wonderful intellectual outburst" which made possible the early triumphs of Islam. The case is really on all fours with that of the French Revolution--"_la carrière ouverte aux talens_." Cp. Milman, _Latin Christianity_, 4th ed. ii, 204, as to the readiness with which the followers of Moseilama turned to Mahommedanism.] [Footnote 383: See above, p. 97, _note_ 1.] [Footnote 384: Prescott, _History of Ferdinand and Isabella_, Kirk's ed. 1889, pp. 187, 188.] [Footnote 385: Cp. Bouterwek, _History of Spanish and Portuguese Literature_, Eng. tr. 1823, i, 4, and Sismondi, _Literature of the South of Europe_, Eng. tr. i, 61, 64, 68, 80-90. As to Arabic study of linguistics, cp. Nöldeke, p. 17.] [Footnote 386: Cp. Testa, _History of the War of Frederick I. upon the Communes of Lombardy_, Eng. tr. p. 100.] [Footnote 387: Van Vloten, _Recherches sur la domination arabe_, Amsterdam, 1894, pp. 7-12.] [Footnote 388: As to the religious zeal of the Berbers in the way of Moslem dissent, on all fours with the phenomena of Protestantism, see Lane-Poole, as cited, p. 53.] [Footnote 389: Dozy (_Histoire des Musulmans d'Espagne_, 1861, iii, 109) decides that "in Andalusia nearly everyone could read and write"; but even if this were true, which is very doubtful (seeing that on the same page the historian tells how Hakam founded twenty-three free schools for the children of the poor in Cordova), the reading would be almost solely confined to the Koran.]