[Footnote 442: _Ancient and Modern Imperialism_, 1910, pp. 37-38, 73-91.] [Footnote 443: _Id._ p. 91.] [Footnote 444: _Ancient and Modern Imperialism_, pp. 19-20.] [Footnote 445: _Id._ p. 22.] [Footnote 446: Compare Lord Cromer's mention (p. 32) of the doubt as to whether the Himalayas made a secure frontier.] [Footnote 447: _Ancient and Modern Imperialism_, p. 14.] [Footnote 448: _Id._ pp. 43, 65-68.] [Footnote 449: _Id._ p. 62.] [Footnote 450: _Id._ p. 22.] [Footnote 451: _Ancient and Modern Imperialism_, p. 26, citing Mommsen.] [Footnote 452: _Id._ p. 118.] [Footnote 453: _Id._ p. 126.] [Footnote 454: Mr. Balfour, using this egregious expression in his lecture on Decadence (p. 35), explains that "the 'East' is a term most loosely used. It does not here include China and Japan, and _does_ include parts of Africa." At the same time it does not refer to the ancient Jews and Phoenicians. One is moved to ask, Does it include the Turks and the Persians? If not, in view of all the other exceptions, might it not be well to drop the "unchanging" altogether?] PART IV THE CASE OF THE ITALIAN REPUBLICS NOTE ON LITERATURE No quite satisfactory history of Italy has appeared in English. The standard modern Italian history, that of Cesare Cantù, has been translated into French; but in English there has been no general history of any length since Procter and Spalding. Col. Procter's _History of Italy_ (published as by G. Perceval, 1825; 2nd ed. 1844) has merit, but is not abreast of modern studies. Spalding's _Italy and the Italian Islands_ (3 vols. 3rd ed. 1845) is an excellent work of its kind, covering Italian history from the earliest times, but is also in need of revision. The comprehensive work of Dr. T. Hodgkin, _Italy and her Invaders_ (2nd ed. 1892-99, 8 vols.) comes down to the death of Charlemagne.