[Footnote 473: For a favourable view of the case see Schröder's _Geschichte Karl's des Grossen_, 1869, Kapp. 15, 16; Bryce, as cited, pp. 71-74; and Gregorovius, _Geschichte der Stadt Rom_, B. v, Kap. i, § 2. Gregorovius (p. 20) calls Charlemagne "the Moses of the Middle Ages, who had happily led mankind through the wilderness of barbarism"--a proposition grounded on race-pride rather than on evidence.] [Footnote 474: Cp. Poole, _Illustrations of the History of Medieval Thought_, 1884, pp. 15-16, 22.] [Footnote 475: There is reason to infer that the very movement of theological thought which marks the ninth century was due to Moslem contacts. These might have been more fruitful under peace conditions than under those of Charlemagne's campaigns.] [Footnote 476: _Républiques_, i, 91. "The Holy Roman Empire, taking the name ... as denoting the sovereignty of Germany and Italy vested in a Germanic prince, is the creation of Otto the Great" (Bryce, _Holy Roman Empire_, p. 80). Gregorovius, instead of giving Otto some such praise as he bestows on Karl, pronounces this time that "the Roman Empire was now regenerated by the German _nation_" (B. vi, Kap. iii, § 1).] [Footnote 477: Guizot, _Civilisation_, iii, 103; Sismondi, _Républiques_, i, 87. In his _Essais_, however (p. 238, etc.), Guizot speaks of the "belle mais stérile tentative de Charlemagne." See the problem discussed in the author's essay on Gibbon, in _Pioneer Humanists_, p. 335 sq.] [Footnote 478: Sismondi, _Républiques_, i, 95. See below, pp. 198-99.] [Footnote 479: _E.g._ Wieseler, _Die deutsche Nationalität der kleinasiatischen Galater_, 1877; Holtzmann, _Kelten und Germanen_, 1855.] [Footnote 480: _History of Rome_, bk. ii, ch. iv.] [Footnote 481: The author has examined a later deliverance of Mommsen's on the subject in _The Saxon and the Celt_, pt. iii, § 1.] [Footnote 482: In a later passage (bk. v, ch. 7) Mommsen credits the Celts with "unsurpassed fervour of national feeling." His History abounds in such contradictions.] [Footnote 483: In the passage cited in the last note, the historian asserts that the Celts were unable "to attain, or barely to tolerate ... any sort of fixed military discipline." Such is the consistency of malice.] [Footnote 484: Cp. Elton, _Origins of English History_, 2nd ed. 1890, p. 115.] [Footnote 485: Tacitus, _Germania_, c. 26; Cæsar, _Bell. Gall._ vi, 21.] [Footnote 486: See Virchow, as cited in Penka's _Die Herkunft der Arier_, 1886, p. 98.] [Footnote 487: "Never was there a more rapid conquest than that of the vast kingdom of the Vandals" (Sismondi, _Fall of the Roman Empire_, Eng. tr. i. 221).]