[Footnote 581: Zeller, p. 310. The _De falsa donatione_ was certainly an abusive document. See Hallam, _Literature of Europe_, pt. i, ch. iii, sect. i, par. 7, _note_.] [Footnote 582: Burckhardt, as cited, p. 279. Another estimable type was Fra Urbano. See Roscoe, Leo X, i, 351, 352. On the character of Poliziano see Perrens, trans. cited, p. 441.] [Footnote 583: Cp. Burckhardt, pp. 203, 204, 291; Zeller, p. 330; and von Reumont, _Lorenzo de' Medici_, Eng. trans. ii, 18. Lorenzo expressly cut down the scope and the resources of the Florentine _Studio_ for selfish personal reasons. Perrens, trans. cited, pp. 436-37. It was Bernardo Nerli, not Lorenzo, who bore the cost of printing Homer. _Id._ p. 443.] [Footnote 584: See the estimate of Venetian ideals in Burckhardt, _Civilisation of the Renaissance in Italy_, pt. i, ch. vii.] [Footnote 585: Nys, _Researches in the History of Economics_, 1899, pp. 66-67; Frignet, _Histoire de l'association commerciale_, 1868, p. 78.] [Footnote 586: Prof. Giacomo Gay, _Dei Carattere degli Italiani nel medio evo e nell' età moderna_, Asti, 1876, p. 8.] [Footnote 587: By Prof. Mahaffy, _Greek Life and Thought_, p. 97.] [Footnote 588: Compare these as described by Ranke (_Latin and Teutonic Nations_, Eng. tr. p. 248) with those of old Athens.] [Footnote 589: Burckhardt (Eng. tr. ed. 1892, pp. 71, 72) gives some illustrative details. See also H. Brown in _Cambridge Modern History_, 1902, i, 284. But cp. Geiger, _Renaissance und Humanismus in Italien und Deutschland_, Berlin, 1882, pp. 265-66, as to the _per contra_.] [Footnote 590: Nys, _Researches in the History of Economics_, 1899, pp. 64-65, and ref.] [Footnote 591: Cp. _The Dynamics of Religion_, by "M.W. Wiseman" (J.M. R.), 1897, pp. 175, 176, 181.] [Footnote 592: "Non partecipavi Firenze nelle faccende d'Europa così largamente, come Venezia e Genova, sì per essere continuamente straziata dalle fazioni e sì per non avere dominio di mare. Dal che nasceva, che niun cittadino potesse sorgere in lei di nome e di appichi esterni tanto possente che potesse stabilirvi da per se o la libertà o la tyrannide" (C. Botta, _Storia d' Italia_, 1837, i, 124). But Genoa also had countless strifes of faction, so that the vera causa of the greater inner development of Florence must be held to be her lack of external dominion and occupation.] [Footnote 593: Vol. cited, p. 3. Cp. Burckhardt, _Civilisation of the Renaissance in Italy_, pt. iv, ch. iv, p. 309. Both writers adopt the language of Michelet.] [Footnote 594: Burckhardt, p. 317. The Counter-Reformation, of course, must always be taken into account in estimates of the latter period of Italian history. The regeneration of the Papacy after the Reformation is to be credited jointly to Spain and the Reformation itself.] [Footnote 595: Pignotti, _Hist. of Tuscany_, Eng. tr. iii, 282-92.]