The profound importance of the geographical fact has been recognised more or less clearly and fully by many writers--_e.g._, Hume, essay Of the _Rise and Progress of the Arts and the Sciences_ (ed. 1825 of _Essays_, i, 115-16); Gillies, _History of Greece_, 1-vol. ed. p. 5; Heeren, as cited, pp. 35, 75; Duncker, as last cited, also ch. iii, § 12 (2te Aufl. 1860, p. 601); Duruy, ch. i; Cox, _General History of Greece_, bk. i, ch. i; Thirlwall, ch. x; Wachsmuth, Eng. tr. i, 87; Comte, _Cours de Philosophie Positive_, Leçon 53ième; Grote, pt. ii, ch. i (ii, 155); Finlay, _History of Greece_, Tozer's ed. i, 28; K.O. Müller, _Introd. to Scientific Mythology_, Eng. tr. p. 179; Hegel, as last cited; Hertzberg, _Geschichte von Hellas und Rom_, 1879 (in Oncken's series), i, 9; Winwood Reade, _The Martyrdom of Man_, 1872, p. 65 sq.; Bury, _History of Greece_, ed. 1906, pp. 2-4; Fyffe (very explicitly), _Primer of Greek History_, p. 8--but it is strangely overlooked by writers to whom one turns for a careful study of causes. Even Grote, after having clearly set forth (ii, 150) the predetermining influence of land-form, attributes Greek divisions to the "character of the race," which even in this connection, however, he describes as "splitting _by natural fracture_ into a multitude of self-administering, indivisible cities" (pt. ii, ch. 28, beginning); and Sir George Cox, after specifying the geographical factor, speaks of it as merely "fostering" a love of isolation _resulting_ from "political creed." Freeman (_History of Federal Government_) does not seem to apply the geographical fact to the explanation of any phase of Greek history, though he sees in Greece (ed. 1893, pp. 92, 554) "each valley and peninsula and island marked out by the hand of nature for an independent being," and quotes (p. 559) Cantù as to the effect of land-form on history in Italy. In so many words he pronounces (p. 101) that the love of town-autonomy was "inherent in the Greek mind." Mr. Warde Fowler (_City-State of the Greeks and Romans_) does not once give heed to the geographical conditions of causation, always speaking of the Greeks as lacking the "faculty" of union as compared with the Latins, though the Eastern Empire finally showed greater cohesive power than the Western. Even Mr. Fyffe (_Primer_ cited, p. 127), despite his preliminary recognition of the facts, finally speaks of the Greeks as relatively lacking in the "gift for government."