[Footnote 134: On this may be consulted a suggestive paper by Mr. Lowes Dickinson in the _Free Review_, April, 1894, and an instructive study by Mr. T. Whittaker, "A Critical Essay on the Philosophy of History," in his _Essays and Notices_, 1895. Cp. Spencer, "Progress: Its Law and Cause," in _Essays_, vol. i.] [Footnote 135: This also is posited by Dunbar, _Essays_ cited, pp. 230, 233.] [Footnote 136: This again, as well as the general importance of culture-contacts, is noted by Walckenaer, _Essai_ cited, pp. 202-3.] [Footnote 137: This was seen in antiquity. Julian, at least, pointed to the fashion in which the Greeks had perfected studies the rudiments of which they had received from other peoples (_apud_ Cyrill, v. 8); and Celsus had said it before him (Origen, _Contra Celsum_, i. 2).] [Footnote 138: See some just remarks by Bagehot in _Physics and Politics_, pp. 67-69, proceeding on Quatrefages, as to the varying success of given race-mixtures in different regions, in terms of the difference of the physical environment. Compare Schäffle, _Bau und Körper de Socialen Lebens_, 1875-8, ii, 468.] [Footnote 139: Cp. Dunbar, as cited, p. 211, and Bagehot, as cited, p. 71. In such cases as those of British India and French Algiers the exception is only apparent, the European control being kept up by annual drafts of new men.] [Footnote 140: _E.g._ the ancient Ægean civilisation, as seen in "Minoan" Crete; the colonies of the Phoenicians; those of the Greeks in Asia Minor, Italy, and Sicily; the medieval Italian Republics; the Hansa towns; those of the Netherlands; and the United States.] [Footnote 141: See Dr. Cunningham, _Western Civilisation_, pp. 73, 74, 83-86, 94-97, etc., for an interesting development of this principle. Cp. Prof. Ashley, _Introduction to Economic History_, 1888-93, i, 43, and Hildebrand, as there cited. The originality of Hildebrand's ideas on this point has perhaps been overrated by Ochenkowski and others. Smith recognised the main facts (_Wealth of Nations_, bk. i, c. iv). See also the passage from Torrens cited by M'Culloch in his essay on "Money," _Treatises_, ed. 1859, pp. 9, 10.] [Footnote 142: _E.g._ Babylonia, Egypt, Alexander's empire, and Rome.] [Footnote 143: This was written before the recent revolution.] [Footnote 144: Since this was written China has undergone her new birth.] [Footnote 145: Cp. Pearson's _History of England during the Early and Middle Ages_, i, 312, and H.W. C. Davis, _England under the Normans and Angevins_, 1905, pp. 1, 2, 47.] [Footnote 146: Japan now runs a grave risk of such retrogression.] [Footnote 147: Cp. Cunningham's _Western Civilisation_, i, 109.] [Footnote 148: The point is argued at greater length by the author in an article on "The Economics of Genius" in the _Forum_, April, 1898 (rep. in _Essays in Sociology_, vol. ii).]