The biting mouth-parts of beetles, Neuroptera, and Orthoptera (Fig. 48), consist of three pairs of jaws, of which the first, the mandibles (_md_), are simply powerful pincers for seizing and tearing or chewing the food. They have no part in the development of the suctorial apparatus either in bees or in butterflies, so they may be left out of account. The two other pairs of jaws, the first and second maxillæ (_mx_^1 and _mx_^2), are constructed exactly on the same type, having a jointed basal portion (_st_) bearing two lobes, an external (_le_) and an internal (_li_), and a feeler or palp, usually with several joints, directed outwards from the lobes (_pm_ and _pl_). The second pair of maxillæ (_mx_^2) differs from the first chiefly in this, that the components of the pair meet in the median line of the body, and fuse more or less to form the so-called 'under lip' or labium. In the example given, the cockroach (_Periplaneta orientalis_), this fusion is only partial, the lobes having remained separate (_le_ and _li_); and the same is true of the bee, but in this case the inner lobes have grown into a long worm-like process which is thrust into the nectar in the act of sucking. [Illustration: FIG. 49. Head of the Bee. _Au_, compound eyes. _au_, ocelli. _at_, antennæ. _la_, upper lip. _md_, mandibles. _mx_^1, first maxillæ, with _pm_, the rudimentary maxillary palp. _mx_^2, second maxillæ with the internal lobes (_li_) fused to form the 'tongue.' _le_, the external lobes of the second maxillæ, known as 'paraglossæ.' _pl_, labial palp.]