His penalty was nothing absolutely abnormal. His illness is well known to science and national tradition as that form of hypochondriasis in which a man takes himself for a wolf (lycanthropy), or a dog (kynanthropy), or some other animal.[409] Probably the fifth-century monks, who were known as _Boskoi_, from feeding on grass, may have been, in many cases, half maniacs who in time took themselves for oxen. Cornill, so far as I know, is the first to point out the curious circumstance that a notion as to the points of analogy between Nebuchad_n_ezzar (thus spelt) and Antiochus Epiphanes may have been strengthened by the Jewish method of mystic commentary known in the Talmud as _Gematria_, and in Greek as _Isopsephism_. That such methods, in other forms, were known and practised in early times we find from the substitution of Sheshach for Babel in Jer. xxv. 26, li. 41, and of Tabeal (by some cryptogram) for Remaliah in Isa. vii. 6; and of _lebh kamai_ ("them that dwell in the midst of them") for _Kasdîm_ (Chaldeans) in Jer. li. 1. These forms are only explicable by the interchange of letters known as Athbash, Albam, etc. Now Nebuchadnezzar = 423:-- נ = 50; ב = 2; ו = 6; כ = 20; ד = 4; נ = 50; א = 1; צ = 90; ר = 200 = 423. And Antiochus Epiphanes = 423:-- א = 1; נ = 50; ט = 9; י = 10; ו = 6; כ = 20; ו = 6; ס = 60 = . . . . . . . 162} א = 1; פ = 70; י = 10; פ = 70; נ = 50; ס = 60 = 261} = 423. The madness of Antiochus was recognised in the popular change of his name from Epiphanes to Epimanes. But there were obvious points of resemblance between these potentates. Both of them conquered Jerusalem. Both of them robbed the Temple of its holy vessels. Both of them were liable to madness. Both of them tried to dictate the religion of their subjects. What happened to the kingdom of Babylon during the interim is a point with which the writer does not trouble himself. It formed no part of his story or of his moral. There is, however, no difficulty in supposing that the chief mages and courtiers may have continued to rule in the king's name--a course rendered all the more easy by the extreme seclusion in which most Eastern monarchs pass their lives, often unseen by their subjects from one year's end to the other. Alike in ancient days as in modern--witness the cases of Charles VI. of France, Christian VII. of Denmark, George III. of England, and Otho of Bavaria--a king's madness is not allowed to interfere with the normal administration of the kingdom.