Edom did behave shamefully towards Israel.[241] Wellhausen points out that Teman and Boṣrah are names which do not occur in the Old Testament before the Exile, but this is uncertain and inconclusive. The oracle wants the concluding formula of the rest.[242] 5. AMMON.--_Thus saith Jehovah: Because of three crimes of Ammon and because of four I will not turn It back; for that they ripped up Gilead's women with child--in order to enlarge their borders!_ For such an end they committed such an atrocity! The crime is one that has been more or less frequent in Semitic warfare. Wellhausen cites several instances in the feuds of Arab tribes about their frontiers. The Turks have been guilty of it in our own day.[243] It is the same charge which the historian of Israel puts into the mouth of Elisha against Hazael of Aram,[244] and probably the war was the same; when Gilead was simultaneously attacked by Arameans from the north and Ammonites from the south. _But I will set fire to the wall of Rabbah_--Rabbath-Ammon, literally _chief_ or _capital_ of Ammon--_and it shall devour her palaces, with clamour in the day of battle, with tempest in the day of storm_. As we speak of "storming a city," Amos and Isaiah[245] use the tempest to describe the overwhelming invasion of Assyria. There follows the characteristic Assyrian conclusion: _And their king shall go into captivity, he and his princes_[246] _together, saith Jehovah_. 6. MOAB.--_Thus saith Jehovah: Because of three crimes of Moab and because of four I will not turn It back; for that he burned the bones of the king of Edom to lime._[247] In the great invasion of Moab, about 850, by Israel, Judah and Edom conjointly, the rage of Moab seems to have been directed chiefly against Edom.[248] Whether opportunity to appease that rage occurred on the withdrawal of Israel we cannot say. But either then or afterwards, balked of their attempt to secure the king of Edom alive, Moab wreaked their vengeance on his corpse, and burnt his bones to lime. It was, in the religious belief of all antiquity, a sacrilege; yet it does not seem to have been the desecration of the tomb--or he would have mentioned it--but the wanton meanness of the deed, which Amos felt. _And I will send fire on Moab, and it shall devour the palaces of The-Cities_--Ḳerîoth,[249] perhaps the present Ḳureiyat,[250] on the Moab plateau where Chemosh had his shrine[251]--_and in tumult shall Moab die_--to Jeremiah[252] the Moabites were the sons of tumult--_with clamour and with the noise of the war-trumpet. And I will cut off the ruler_--literally _judge_, probably the vassal king placed by Jeroboam II.--_from her_[253] _midst, and all his_[254] _princes will I slay with him: Jehovah hath said_ it. * * * * * These, then, are the charges which Amos brings against the heathen neighbours of Israel.