109 (return) [ Prof. Huxley remarks (‘Elementary Physiology,’ 5th edit. p. 305) that reflex actions proper to the spinal cord are _natural_; but, by the help of the brain, that is through habit, an infinity of _artificial_ reflex actions may be acquired. Virchow admits (‘Sammlung wissenschaft. Vorträge,’ &c., “Ueber das Rückenmark,” 1871, ss. 24, 31) that some reflex actions can hardly be distinguished from instincts; and, of the latter, it may be added, some cannot be distinguished from inherited habits.] 110 (return) [ Dr. Maudsley, ‘Body and Mind,’ 1870, p. 8.] 111 (return) [ See the very interesting discussion on the whole subject by Claude Bernard, ‘Tissus Vivants,’ 1866, p. 353-356.] 112 (return) [ ‘Chapters on Mental Physiology,’ 1858, p. 85.] 113 (return) [ Müller remarks (‘Elements of Physiology,’ Eng. tr. vol. ii. p. 1311) on starting being always accompanied by the closure of the eyelids.] 114 (return) [ Dr. Maudsley remarks (‘Body and Mind,’ p. 10) that “reflex movements which commonly effect a useful end may, under the changed circumstances of disease, do great mischief, becoming even the occasion of violent suffering and of a most painful death.”] 115 (return) [ See Mr. F. H. Salvin’s account of a tame jackal in ‘Land and Water,’ October, 1869.] 116 (return) [ “Dr. Darwin, ‘Zoonomia,’ 1794, vol. i. p. 160. I find that the fact of cats protruding their feet when pleased is also noticed (p. 151) in this work.] 117 (return) [ Carpenter, ‘Principles of Comparative Physiology,’ 1854, p. 690, and Müller’s ‘Elements of Physiology,’ Eng. translat. vol. ii. p. 936.] 118 (return) [ Mowbray on ‘Poultry,’ 6th edit. 1830, p. 54.] 119 (return) [ See the account given by this excellent observer in ‘Wild Sports of the Highlands,’ 1846, p. 142.] 120 (return) [ ‘Philosophical Translations,’ 1823, p. 182.] 201 (return) [ ‘Naturgeschichte der Säugethiere von Paraguay,’ 1830, s. 55.] 202 (return) [ Mr. Tylor gives an account of the Cistercian gesture-language in his ‘Early History of Mankind’ (2nd edit. 1870, p. 40), and makes some remarks on the principle of opposition in gestures.] 203 (return) [ See on this subject Dr. W. R. Scott’s interesting work, ‘The Deaf and Dumb,’ 2nd edit. 1870, p. 12. He says, “This contracting of natural gestures into much shorter gestures than the natural expression requires, is very common amongst the deaf and dumb. This contracted gesture is frequently so shortened as nearly to lose all semblance of the natural one, but to the deaf and dumb who use it, it still has the force of the original expression.”] 301 (return) [ See the interesting cases collected by M. G. Pouchet in the ‘Revue des Deux Mondes,’ January 1, 1872, p. 79. An instance was also brought some years ago before the British Association at Belfast.]