604 (return) [ Although Dr. Duchenne has so carefully studied the contraction of the different muscles during the act of crying, and the furrows on the face thus produced, there seems to be something incomplete in his account; but what this is I cannot say. He has given a figure (Album, fig. 48) in which one half of the face is made, by galvanizing the proper muscles, to smile; whilst the other half is similarly made to begin crying. Almost all those (viz. nineteen out of twenty-one persons) to whom I showed the smiling half of the face instantly recognized the expression; but, with respect to the other half, only six persons out of twenty-one recognized it,—that is, if we accept such terms as “grief,” “misery,” “annoyance,” as correct;—whereas, fifteen persons were ludicrously mistaken; some of them saying the face expressed “fun,” “satisfaction,” “cunning,” “disgust,” &c. We may infer from this that there is something wrong in the expression. Some of the fifteen persons may, however, have been partly misled by not expecting to see an old man crying, and by tears not being secreted. With respect to another figure by Dr. Duchenne (fig. 49), in which the muscles of half the face are galvanized in order to represent a man beginning to cry, with the eyebrow on the same side rendered oblique, which is characteristic of misery, the expression was recognized by a greater proportional number of persons. Out of twenty-three persons, fourteen answered correctly, “sorrow,” “distress,” “grief,” “just going to cry,” “endurance of pain,” &c. On the other hand, nine persons either could form no opinion or were entirely wrong, answering, “cunning leer,” “jocund,” “looking at an intense light,” “looking at a distant object,” &c.] 605 (return) [ Mrs. Gaskell, ‘Mary Barton,’ new edit. p. 84.] 606 (return) [ ‘Mimik und Physiognomik,’ 1867, s. 102. Duchenne, Mécanisme de la Phys. Humaine, Album, p. 34.] 607 (return) [ Dr. Duchenne makes this remark, ibid. p. 39.] 608 (return) [ ‘The Origin of Civilization,’ 1870, p. 355.] 609 (return) [ See, for instance, Mr. Marshall’s account of an idiot in Philosoph. Transact. 1864, p. 526. With respect to cretins, see Dr. Piderit, ‘Mimik und Physiognomik,’ 1867, s. 61.] 610 (return) [ ‘New Zealand and its Inhabitants,’ 1855, p. 175.] 611 (return) [ ‘De la Physionomie,’ 1865, p. 126.] 612 (return) [ ‘The Anatomy of Expression,’ 1844, p. 106. See also his paper in the ‘Philosophical Transactions,’ 1822, p. 284, ibid. 1823, pp. 166 and 289. Also ‘The Nervous System of the Human Body,’ 3rd edit. 1836, p. 175.] 613 (return) [ See Dr. Brinton’s account of the act of vomiting, in Todd’s Cyclop. of Anatomy and Physiology, 1859, vol. v. Supplement, p. 318.]