901 (return) [ ‘Anatomy of Expression,’ pp. 137, 139. It is not surprising that the corrugators should have become much more developed in man than in the anthropoid apes; for they are brought into incessant action by him under various circumstances, and will have been strengthened and modified by the inherited effects of use. We have seen how important a part they play, together with the orbiculares, in protecting the eyes from being too much gorged with blood during violent expiratory movements. When the eyes are closed as quickly and as forcibly as possible, to save them from being injured by a blow, the corrugators contract. With savages or other men whose heads are uncovered, the eyebrows are continually lowered and contracted to serve as a shade against a too strong light; and this is effected partly by the corrugators. This movement would have been more especially serviceable to man, as soon as his early progenitors held their heads erect. Lastly, Prof. Donders believes (‘Archives of Medicine,’ ed. by L. Beale, 1870, vol. v. p. 34), that the corrugators are brought into action in causing the eyeball to advance in accommodation for proximity in vision.] 902 (return) [ ‘Mécanisme de la Physionomie Humaine,’ Album, Légende iii.] 903 (return) [ ‘Mimik und Physiognomik,’ s. 46.] 904 (return) [ ‘History of the Abipones,’ Eng. translat. vol. ii. p. 59, as quoted by Lubbock, ‘Origin of Civilisation,’ 1870, p. 355.] 905 (return) [ ‘De la Physionomie,’ pp. 15, 144, 146. Mr. Herbert Spencer accounts for frowning exclusively by the habit of contracting the brows as a shade to the eyes in a bright light: see ‘Principles of Physiology,’ 2nd edit. 1872, p. 546.] 906 (return) [ Gratiolet remarks (De la Phys. p. 35), “Quand l’attention est fixee sur quelque image interieure, l’oeil regarde dons le vide et s’associe automatiquement a la contemplation de l’esprit.” But this view hardly deserves to be called an explanation.] 907 (return) [ ‘Miles Gloriosus,’ act ii. sc. 2.] 908 (return) [ The original photograph by Herr Kindermann is much more expressive than this copy, as it shows the frown on the brow more plainly.] 909 (return) [ ‘Mécanisme de la Physionomie Humaine,’ Album, Légende iv. figs. 16-18.] 910 (return) [ Hensleigh Wedgwood on ‘The Origin of Language,’ 1866, p. 78.] 911 (return) [ Müller, as quoted by Huxley, ‘Man’s Place in Nature,’ 1863, p. 38.] 912 (return) [ I have given several instances in my ‘Descent of Man,’ vol. i. chap. iv.] 913 (return) [ ‘Anatomy of Expression.’ p. 190.] 914 (return) [ ‘De la Physionomie,’ pp. 118-121.] 915 (return) [ ‘Mimik und Physiognomik,’ s. 79.] 1001 (return) [ See some remarks to this effect by Mr. Bain, ‘The Emotions and the Will,’ 2nd edit. 1865, p. 127.] 1002 (return) [ Rengger, Naturgesch. der Säugethiere von Paraguay, 1830, s. 3.]