The period now under review was one prolific of authors on grammar,
rhetoric, logic, exegesis, traditions and the various branches of
philosophy; but the men who stand out most prominently as philosophers
were then, and are now, considered heretics.[180]
Al-Kendi, was born at Basra, on the Persian Gulf. He died about 870
A.D. He was a very scientific man, but a thorough rationalist in
theology. He composed commentaries on the logic of Aristotle. In his
great work on the unity of God he has strayed far away from Muslim
dogmas.
Al Farabi, another philosopher patronized by the 'Abbassides, seems to
have denied not only the rigid and formal Islamic view of inspiration,
but any objective revelation at all. He held that intuition was a true
inspiration, and that all who had acquired intuitive knowledge were
real prophets. This is the only revelation he admits. He received his
philosophical training at Baghdad, where for a while he taught; but
finally he went to Damascus, where he died 950 A.D.
Ibn Sina, better known as Avicenna, a man of Persian origin, was a
Philosopher of great note, but of him it is said that in spite of the
concessions he made to the religious ideas of his age, he could not
find favour for his opinions, which ill accord with the principles of
Islam. He was born near Bukhara, in the year 980 A.D. For a while he
taught medicine and philosophy in Ispahan.
Ibn Badja, (Avempace) was one of the most celebrated Muslim
Philosophers of Spain. He was born at Saragossa towards the end of the
eleventh century. He is distinguished for having opposed the mystical
tendencies of the teaching of Al-Ghazzali, and for maintaining that
speculative science alone was capable of leading man to a true
conception of his own proper nature. He was violently attacked by the
orthodox divines who declared that all philosophical teaching was "a
calamity for religion and an affliction to those who were in the good
way."
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