Thus Al-Ash'ari traversed the main positions of the Mutazilites, denying
that man can by the aid of his reason alone rise to the knowledge of good
and evil. He must exercise no judgment but accept all that is revealed. He
has no right to apply the moral laws which affect men to the actions of
God. It cannot be asserted by the human reason that the good will be
rewarded, or the bad punished in a future world. Man must always approach
God as a slave, in whom there is no light or knowledge to judge of the
actions of the Supreme. Whether God will accept the penitent sinner or not
cannot be asserted, for He is an absolute Sovereign, above all law.[117]
The opinions of the more irrational sub-divisions of the Sifatians need not
be entered into at any length.
The Mushabihites (or Assimilators), interpreting some of the mutashabih
verses literally, held that there is a resemblance between God and His
creatures; and that the Deity is capable of local motion, of ascending,
descending, &c. These they called "declarative attributes." The
Mujassimians (or Corporealists) declared God to be corporeal, by which some
of them meant, a self-subsisting body, whilst others declared the Deity to
be finite. They are acknowledged to be heretics.
{132}
The Jabrians gave great prominence to the denial of free agency in man, and
thus opposed the Mutazilites, who in this respect are Kadrians, that is,
they deny "Al-Kadr," God's absolute sovereignty, and recognize free will in
man.
These and various other sub-divisions are not now of much importance. The
Sunnis follow the teaching of Al-Ash'ari, whilst the Shi'ahs incline to
that of the Mutazilites.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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