--------+-------+------+--------+-------+-----+---------+---------+-------- | | East | Grand | | New |Southwark| West | |Chelsea|London|Junction|Lambeth|River| & |Middlesex|Average. | Co. | Co. | Co. | Co. | Co. |Vauxhall | Co. | | | | | | | Co. | | --------+-------+------+--------+-------+-----+---------+---------+-------- 1880-1 | 1.16 | 1.16 | 1.00 | 0.83 |1.34 | 1.16 | 1.67 | 1.19 1881-2 | 1.19 | 1.39 | 0.95 | 0.82 |1.15 | 1.37 | 1.54 | 1.20 1882-3 | 1.10 | 1.23 | 1.39 | 0.96 |1.40 | 1.47 | 1.74 | 1.33 1883-4 | 1.00 | 1.06 | 1.73 | 0.92 |1.11 | 1.62 | 1.67 | 1.30 1884-5 | 1.06 | 1.06 | 1.82 | 0.90 |1.02 | 1.40 | 1.30 | 1.22 1885-6 | 1.15 | 1.16 | 1.35 | 0.90 |1.00 | 1.15 | 1.07 | 1.11 1886-7 | 0.80 | 0.96 | 1.39 | 0.87 |0.98 | 1.43 | 1.70 | 1.16 1887-8 | 1.07 | 1.22 | 1.74 | 0.90 |0.92 | 1.28 | 1.00 | 1.16 1888-9 | 0.83 | 1.28 | 1.55 | 0.95 |0.98 | 1.52 | 0.83 | 1.13 1889-90 | 0.66 | 1.50 | 1.22 | 0.88 |0.90 | 1.70 | 3.56 | 1.49 1890-1 | 0.72 | 1.42 | 1.32 | 0.85 |1.02 | 1.16 | 1.00 | 1.07 1891-2 | 0.75 | 1.54 | 1.23 | 1.00 |0.92 | 1.15 | 0.96 | 1.08 1892-3 | 0.67 | 1.42 | 1.30 | 1.19 |1.16 | 1.26 | 1.42 | 1.20 1893-4 | 1.15 | 2.63 | 2.00 | 1.46 |1.43 | 1.52 | 0.95 | 1.59 1894-5 | 0.60 | 1.68 | 1.67 | 2.53 |1.03 | 1.34 | 0.96 | 1.40 --------+-------+------+--------+-------+-----+---------+---------+-------- Average | 0.93 | 1.38 | 1.44 | 1.06 |1.09 | 1.37 | 1.43 | 1.24 --------+-------+------+--------+-------+-----+---------+---------+-------- Average of seven companies for 15 years, $1.24 per million gallons. Variations from year to year are caused by differences in the amounts of ice, and in the quantities of new sand purchased. Wages average about $1.00 per day. At Liverpool for 1896 the cost was $1.08 per million U. S. gallons. In Germany, with more turbid river-waters, the costs of operation are somewhat higher than the London figures, while at Zürich, where the water is very clear, they are lower. In the United States the data regarding the cost of operation of sand filters are less complete. At Mt. Vernon, N. Y., with reservoir-water, the cost has averaged about two dollars per million gallons. At Poughkeepsie, N. Y., with the Hudson River water, which is occasionally moderately turbid, the cost for twenty years has averaged three dollars per million gallons. This cost includes the cost of handling ice, and as the average winter temperature is considerably below that suggested for open filters, the expense of this work has been considerable, and has increased considerably the total cost of operation.