One of the most characteristic and uniform results of the direct pollution of public water-supplies is the typhoid fever which results among the users of the water. In the English and German cities with almost uniformly good drinking-water, typhoid fever is already nearly exterminated, and is decreasing from year to year. American cities having unpolluted water-supplies have comparatively few deaths from this cause, although the figures never go so low as in Europe, perhaps on account of the fresh cases which are always coming in from less healthy neighborhoods in ever-moving American communities. In other American cities the death-rates from typhoid fever are many times what they ought to be and what they actually are in other cities, and the rates in various places, and in the same place at different times, bear in general a close relation to the extent of the pollution of the drinking-water. The power of suitable filtration to protect a city from typhoid fever is amply shown by the very low death-rates from this cause in London, Berlin, Breslau, and large numbers of other cities drawing their raw water from sources more contaminated than those of any but the very worst American supplies, and by the marked and great reductions in the typhoid-fever death rates which have followed at once the installation of filters at Zürich, Switzerland; Hamburg, Germany; Lawrence, Mass., and other places. The following is a list of the cities of 50,000 inhabitants and upward in the United States, with deaths from typhoid fever and the sources of their water-supplies. The deaths and populations are from the U. S. Census for 1890; the sources of the water-supplies, from the _American Water-Works Manual_ for the same year. Four cities of this size—Grand Rapids, Lincoln, St. Joseph, and Des Moines—are not included in the census returns of mortality. Two cities with less than 50,000 inhabitants with exceptionally high death-rates have been included, and at the foot of the list are given corresponding data for some large European cities for 1893. TYPHOID FEVER DEATH-RATES AND WATER-SUPPLIES OF CITIES.