=Measurement of Effluent.=—In order to show the rate of filtration two floats are connected with the water on the two sides of the orifice. These floats are counterbalanced; one carries a graduated scale, and the other a marker which moves in front of the scale and shows the rate of filtration corresponding to the difference in level of the water on the two sides. When the water in the lower chamber falls below the centre of the orifice, the water in the float-chamber is nevertheless maintained at this level. This is accomplished by making the lower part of the tube water-tight, with openings just at the desired level, so that when the water falls below this point in the outer chamber it does not fall in the float-chamber. To prevent the loss of water in the float-chamber by evaporation or from other causes, a lead pipe is brought from the other chamber and supplies a driblet of water to it constantly; this overflows through the openings, and maintains the water-level at precisely the desired point. The floats thus indicate the difference in water-level on the two sides of the orifice whenever the water in the lower chamber is above the centre of the orifice; otherwise they indicate the height of water in the upper chamber above the centre of the orifice, regardless of the water-level in the lower chamber. The scale is graduated to show the rates of filtration in millions of gallons per acre of filtering area. In computing this scale the area of the filters is taken as 0.7 acre, and the coefficient of discharge as 0.61. At the ordinary rates of filtration the errors introduced by the different conditions under which the orifice operates will rarely amount to as much as 100,000 gallons per acre daily, or one thirtieth of the ordinary rate of filtration. Usually they are much less than this. The apparatus thus shows directly, and with substantial accuracy, the rate of filtration under all conditions. =Measurement of Loss of Head.=—Two other floats with similar connections show the difference in level between the water standing on the filter and the water in the main drain-pipe back of the gate, or, in other words, the frictional resistance of the filter, including the drains. This is commonly called the loss of head, and increases from 0.2 foot or less, with a perfectly clean filter, to 4 feet with the filter ready for cleaning. When the loss of head exceeds 4 feet the rate of filtration cannot be maintained at 3,000,000 gallons per acre daily with the outlet devices provided, and, in order to maintain the rate, the filter must be cleaned.