Aet. i. 7; _Dox._ 303. Melissos and Zeno say that the one is universal, and that it exists alone, eternal, and unlimited. And this one is necessity [_Heeren inserts here the name_ Empedokles], and the material of it is the four elements, and the forms are strife and love. He says that the elements are gods, and the mixture of them is the world. The uniform will be resolved into them;[69] he thinks that souls are divine, and that pure men who share these things in a pure way are divine. 23; 320. Zeno et al. denied generation and destruction, because they thought that the all is unmoved. VIII. _THE ELEATIC SCHOOL: MELISSOS._ Melissos of Samos, son of Ithagenes, was a contemporary of Zeno, though he may have been slightly younger. Parmenides is said to have been his teacher, and it is possible that he may have made the acquaintance of Herakleitos. According to Diogenes, he was a respected statesman, and there seems to be good evidence (Plutarch, _Perikles_ 26, after Aristotle) that he commanded the Samian fleet at its victory over the Athenians, 440 B.C. He wrote a book which later writers refer to under various titles. Literature: The fragments are treated by Brandis, _Commen. Eleat._ iii. and by Mullach _de Melisso X. G._ p. 80; Pabst, _de Meliss. Fragmentis_, Bonn 1889, disputes the authenticity of Fr. 1-5. Spalding, _Vindic. philos. Megar._ Berlin 1793, first showed that the first two chapters of the book called _de Xenophane, Zenone, Gorgia_, refer to Melissos. Cf. also Fr. Kern, _Zur Würdigung des Melissos_, Festschrift d. stettin. Stadtgym. 1880. (_a_) FRAGMENTS OF MELISSOS MAINLY FROM SIMPLICIUS ON THE PHYSICS. Simpl. _Phys._ 23 v 109, 20 (Fr. 7). ὅτε τοίνυν οὐκ ἐγένετο, ἔστι δέ, ἀεὶ ἦν καὶ ἀεὶ ἔσται καὶ ἀρχὴν οὐκ ἔχει οὐδὲ τελευτήν, ἄλλ’ ἄπειρόν ἐστιν. εἰ μὲν γὰρ ἐγένετο, ἀρχὴν ἂν εἶχεν· ἤρξατο γὰρ ἄν ποτε γινόμενον· καὶ τελευτήν· ἐτελεύτησε γὰρ ἄν ποτε γινόμενον· εἰ δὲ μήτε ἤρξατο μήτε ἐτελεύτησεν ἀεί τε ἦν καὶ ἀεὶ ἔσται, οὐκ ἔχει ἀρχὴν οὐδὲ τελευτήν· οὐ γὰρ ἀεὶ εἶναι ἀνυστὸν ὅ τι μὴ πᾶν ἐστι. l. 31. (Fr. 8.) ἀλλ’ ὥσπερ ἔστιν ἀεί, οὕτω καὶ τὸ μέγεθος ἄπειρον ἀεὶ χρὴ εἶναι. l. 33. (Fr. 15.) εἰ γὰρ διῄρηται τὸ ἐόν, κινεῖται. κινούμενον δὲ οὐκ ἂν εἴη ἅμα. _Phys._ 24 r 110, 1. (Fr. 16.) εἰ μὲν ὂν εἴη, δεῖ αὐτὸ ἓν εἶναι· ἓν δὲ ὂν δεῖ αὐτὸ σῶμα μὴ ἔχειν. (19 r 87, 6) εἰ δὲ ἔχοι πάθος, ἔχοι ἂν μόρια καὶ οὐκέτι ἓν εἴη. l. 3. (Fr. 9.) ἀρχήν τε καὶ τέλος ἔχον οὐδὲν οὔτε ἀίδιον οὔτε ἄπειρόν ἐστιν. l. 5. (Fr. 10.) εἰ μὴ ἓν εἴη, περανεῖ πρὸς ἄλλο.