The Floors of the Ocean: 1. The North Atlantic: Text to accompany the physiographic diagram of the North AtlanticHeezen, Bruce C.
Science
The Floors of the Ocean: 1. The North Atlantic: Text to accompany the physiographic diagram of the North Atlantic
Heezen, Bruce C.
Ocean bottom
_Sediment distribution and physiographic provinces of the continental
margin._ The recent sediments of the category I provinces are largely
sands, silts, silty lutites, and carbonates (Stetson, 1938; Shepard
and Cohee, 1936; Newell, 1955). All these sediments can be assigned to
the orthoquartzite suite of Pettijohn (1957). Judging from the ancient
sediments dredged from the continental slope and obtained by drilling,
the category I provinces have been receiving orthoquartzite sediments
at least since the Cretaceous. In category II provinces Recent
sediments are either lacking or are very thin. Those Recent sediments
which temporarily remain in the province range from foraminiferal
lutites, found in such areas as the Bahamas, to silty lutites
relatively poor in pelagic fossils, found in the higher latitudes. In
general category II provinces are characterized by nondeposition or
erosion.
The sediments of the category III provinces include both pelagic
and clastic terrigenous sediments. The outer ridge is covered by
_Globigerina_ ooze in depths shallower than about 2200 fathoms and by
red clay in deeper areas. The continental rise is generally covered
by silty foraminiferal lutites, but, where submarine canyon deltas
spread out from the mouths of submarine canyons (Ericson _et al._,
1951, 1952), beds of graded sand and silts from a few centimeters
to a few meters in thickness are interbedded with lutites. In the
marginal trenches and marginal basins graded calcareous sands alternate
with low-carbonate lutites. The category III provinces of northwest
Africa are dominated by two groups of volcanic islands and seamounts
which contribute flows and volcanic detritus to the continental-rise
sediments. In general the category III provinces are dominated by
sediments ascribable to the graywacke suite of Pettijohn (1957).
* * * * *
_Past, present, and future of continental-margin physiographic
provinces._--It takes only a little imagination to see a historical
or genetic sequence in the four profiles of Plate 26. The Puerto Rico
Trench--outer-ridge profiles thus may represent a continental margin in
youth, the Blake--Bahama--outer-ridge profile a margin in late youth or
early maturity, and Newfoundland and northeast United States profiles a
margin in late maturity or old age.
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