39. Flowers small. Calyx tubular, 15-ribbed. Petals notched; scales small or reduced to hairs. Stamens 5-10. Fruit linear. Seeds with an anterior hilum and a straight embryo. Leaves linear.--Species 1. North Africa. =Velezia= L. Flowers rather large. Calyx 15-25-ribbed. Petals with wing-like outgrowths on the claw and with scales at the base of the blade. Stamens 10. Seeds with a lateral hilum and a curved embryo. Leaves lanceolate.--Species 4. North Africa. They are used as ornamental or medicinal plants and yield also a substitute for soap. “Soapwort.” =Saponaria= L. 40. Calyx ventricose, acutely angled, with 15-25 ribs, not surrounded by bracts. Petals minutely toothed. Fruit ovoid. Seeds with a lateral hilum and a curved embryo.--Species 1. North Africa. The roots are used as a substitute for soap. (Under _Saponaria_ L.) =Vaccaria= Medik. Calyx tubular, with 35-55 ribs, surrounded by two or more bracts at the base. Seeds with an anterior hilum and a straight embryo.--Species 25. North and South Africa and mountains of Central Africa. Many of them are used as ornamental plants or for the preparation of perfumes. “Pink.” =Dianthus= L. 41. (35.) Styles 5, alternating with the sepals. Ovary and fruit completely 1-celled. Petals without scales at the base of the blade. 42 Styles 5, opposite the sepals, or 3-4. Stamens 10. 43 42. Petals with a two-winged claw. Stamens 10. Styles hairy. Ovules numerous.--Species 1. North Africa, also introduced into South Africa. The seeds are poisonous and used in medicine. “Corncockle.” (_Githago_ Desfont., under _Lychnis_ L.) =Agrostemma= L. Petals with a wingless claw. Stamens 5. Styles glabrous. Ovules few.--Species 3. Northern East Africa and Cameroons. =Uebelinia= Hochst. 43. Ovary and fruit completely 1-celled. Calyx more or less inflated, 10-20-ribbed. Petals with scales at the base of the blade. Fruit opening by 6-10 teeth. Seeds tubercled.--Species 6. North-west and South Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants, or as a substitute for soap. (Under _Lychnis_ L.) =Melandryum= Roehl. Ovary and fruit divided into cells at the base. 44 44. Fruit a berry. Calyx shortly and widely bell-shaped. Petals greenish-white, with a recurved 2-cleft blade provided with two scales at its base. Styles 3. Stem climbing. Leaves ovate or oblong.--Species 1. North-west Africa. =Cucubalus= L. Fruit a capsule, opening by 6 or more teeth.--Species 75. North and South Africa and mountains of Central Africa. Some are used as a substitute for soap, as vegetables, in medicine or as ornamental plants. (Including _Eudianthe_ Rohrb.) =Silene= L. [Illustration: CARYOPHYLLACEAE. _FLOW. PL. AFR._ _Pl. 45._ J. Fleischmann del. Polycarpaea linearifolia DC. _A_ Plant in flower. _B_ Flower cut lengthwise. _C_ Fruit. _D_ Seed.] [Illustration: RANUNCULACEAE. _FLOW. PL. AFR._ _Pl. 46._ J. Fleischmann del. Anemone vesicatoria (L. f.) Prantl _A_ Leaf. _B_ Inflorescence. _C_ Flower cut lengthwise.] ORDER RANALES