10. Stigmas in the sinuses between the connivent style-lobes. Petals yellow or whitish. Fruit oblong, usually bristly. Juice yellow.--Species 1. Naturalized in Tropical and South Africa. Used as an ornamental and medicinal plant; the seeds yield oil. =Argemone= L. Stigmas radiating upon a disc-like expansion of the style-apex. Ovary incompletely septate. Juice white. Buds nodding.--Species 12. North and South Africa, Abyssinia, and Cape Verde Islands; also cultivated in various regions. Some species are poisonous or are used as ornamental, medicinal, or dye-plants. _P. somniferum_ L. yields opium, oil, and edible seeds. “Poppy.” =Papaver= L. SUBORDER CAPPARIDINEAE. FAMILY 87. CAPPARIDACEAE Leaves alternate, simple or digitate. Flowers solitary or in racemes or umbels, usually irregular. Petals wanting or free, usually 4, rarely (_Cercopetalum_) united at the base. Disc ring-or scale-like, rarely tubular. Ovary superior, usually stalked. Ovules 4 or more, rarely (_Dipterygium_) 1-2, curved, usually parietal. Seeds reniform, exalbuminous. Embryo curved, with folded or coiled cotyledons.--Genera 20, species 260. (Plate 53.) 1. Fruit succulent, baccate, indehiscent, rarely at length dehiscing in two valves to which the placentas remain attached. Embryo coiled. Shrubs or trees. [Subfamily =CAPPARIDOIDEAE=.] 2 Fruit dry, capsular and usually siliquiform, rarely nut-like. Embryo curved. Herbs or undershrubs, rarely shrubs or trees. 14 2. Calyx-tube distinctly developed. Stamens very numerous. Ovary with a long stalk. [Tribe MAERUEAE.] 3 Calyx-tube indistinct or wanting, rarely distinctly developed, but then stamens 10 and ovary with a very short stalk. [Tribe CAPPARIDEAE.] 4 3. Calyx bursting transversely. Petals none. Stamens inserted upon a convex receptacle. Placentas 6-10.--Species 10. East Africa, Madagascar and Mauritius. =Thylachium= Lour. Calyx bursting lengthwise. Stamens usually inserted upon an elongated, stalk-like receptacle. Placentas 2-4.--Species 50. Some of them yield timber, vegetables, or medicaments. (Including _Niebuhria_ DC. and _Streblocarpus_ Arn.) =Maerua= Forsk. 4. Calyx-tube distinctly developed. Petals none. Stamens about 10. Disc and androphore wanting. Ovary with a very short stalk. Placentas 2. Leaves digitate.--Species 2. South Africa. =Bachmannia= Pax Calyx-tube indistinct or wanting. Petals present, more rarely wanting, but then leaves undivided. 5 5. Receptacle produced behind into a tube-or strap-shaped appendage. Stamens 4-8, inserted upon a stalk-like androphore. Leaves undivided.--Species 20. Tropical and South Africa. Some are used in medicine. (Including _Schepperia_ Neck.) =Cadaba= Forsk. Receptacle produced into scale-like appendages or unappendaged. Stamens rarely upon a distinct stalk-like androphore, and then fertile and sterile stamens together 10 or more. 6 6. Petals none. Stamens without a distinct androphore. Leaves undivided. 7 Petals 4 or more. Ovules numerous. 9