Edmund Randolph, Va., Sept. 26, 1789. William Bradford, Pa., June 27, 1794. Charles Lee, Va., Dec. 10, 1795. T. Parsons, Mass., Feb. 20, 1800. Levi Lincoln, Mass., March 5, 1801. Robert Smith, Md., March 2, 1805. John Breckinridge, Ky., Dec. 1806. Cæsar A. Rodney, Del., Jan. 20, 1807. William Pinckney, Md., Dec. 11, 1811. Richard Rush, Pa., Feb. 10, 1814. William Wirt, Md., Dec. 16, 1817. John McPherson Berrien, Ga., Mar. 9, 1829. Roger B. Taney, Md., July 20, 1831. Benjamin F. Butler, N. Y., Nov. 15, 1833. Felix Grundy, Tenn., July 7, 1838. Henry D. Gilpin, Pa., Jan. 11, 1840. John J. Crittenden, Ky., Mar. 5, 1841. Hugh S. Legaré, S. C., Sept. 13, 1841. John Nelson, Md., July 1, 1843. John Y. Mason, Va., Mar. 5, 1845. Nathan Clifford, Me., Oct. 16, 1846. Isaac Toucey, Ct., Jan. 21, 1848. Reverdy Johnson, Md., Mar. 7, 1849. John J. Crittenden, Ky., July 20, 1850. Caleb Cushing, Mass., Mar. 5, 1853. Jeremiah S. Black, Pa., Mar. 6, 1857. Edwin M. Stanton, Pa., Dec. 14, 1860. Edward Bates, Mo., Mar. 5, 1861. James Speed, Ky., Dec. 1864. Henry Stanberry, O., July, 1866. William M. Evarts, N. Y., 1868. Eben E. Hoar, March 5, 1869. Amos T. Akerman, Ga., July 8, 1870. George H. Williams, Oregon, 1871. Edward Pierrepont, New York, 1875. CHAPTER XLIII. PRESIDENTIAL ELECTORS. An Elector, in the sense of the Constitution, is one who has been appointed to choose or elect the President of the United States. Electors have been chosen in various ways. At first they were often appointed by the State Legislatures, or these passed a law directing their election by the people. This has gradually disappeared, and now the people, by law of Congress assemble on the first Tuesday after the first Monday in November preceding the close of a presidential term, and vote for the electors. The electors in each State are called its Electoral College. They meet on the first Wednesday in December following their election, in their respective States, and vote by ballot for a President and Vice-President. These cannot both, according to the Constitution, be citizens of the same State. They count, certify, and seal these votes and send the sealed package by a messenger, appointed for that express purpose, to the President of the United States Senate. On the second Wednesday in February following, the members of the Senate and House of Representatives assemble together, the packages are opened and the votes counted in their presence, and the result is officially proclaimed. It is evident that this is now a mere form, and the President and Vice-President are virtually determined by the people in November. It is not in harmony with the other parts of our system of government, which aims at simplicity and practical usefulness, and it will probably soon be dispensed with. It was originally designed, by those who framed the Constitution, to act as a check to party spirit, and was expected to